题目
The diagram shows a smooth track which lies in a vertical plane. The section is a quarter circle of radius with centre . The section is a horizontal straight line of length and is perpendicular to . The section is a straight line inclined at an angle of above the horizontal.
A particle of mass is released from rest at . Particle collides with a particle of mass which is at rest at . Immediately after the collision, the speed of is in the direction . You should assume that is moving horizontally when it collides with .
(a) Show that the speed of immediately after the collision is .
When reaches , it collides with a particle of mass which is at rest at . The two particles coalesce. The combined particle comes instantaneously to rest at . You should assume that there is no instantaneous change in speed as the combined particle leaves , nor when it passes through again as it returns down the slope.
(b) Given that the distance is , find the value of .
(c) Find the distance from at which collides with the combined particle.
题目中文翻译
图中给出了一条位于竖直平面内的光滑轨道。 段是以 为圆心、半径为 的四分之一圆弧。 段是一条长为 的水平直线,且 垂直于 。 段是一条与水平方向成 角、向上倾斜的直线。
一个质量为 的质点 从 点由静止释放。 与静止在 点、质量为 的质点 碰撞。碰撞后瞬间, 沿 方向以 的速率运动。你应假设 与 碰撞时沿水平方向运动。
(a) 证明:碰撞后瞬间 的速率为 。
当 到达 时,它与静止在 点、质量为 的质点 碰撞。两质点结合在一起。结合后的质点在 点瞬时静止。你应假设结合后的质点离开 时,以及沿斜面返回并再次经过 时,速率均没有瞬时变化。
(b) 已知距离 为 ,求 的值。
(c) 求 与结合后的质点碰撞的位置到 的距离。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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曲线段用机械能守恒求P到B的速度,再用碰撞动量守恒推出Q速率;不能把曲线段当匀加速。
答题过程
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The track is smooth. From to , conservation of mechanical energy gives
At the first collision, conservation of horizontal momentum gives
Thus , so
(b)
解法一
思路
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第二次碰撞粘合,先守恒动量求合速2,再用上坡动能转势能求θ。
答题过程
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If the common speed after the collision at is , conservation of momentum gives
The combined particle rises vertically before stopping. Conservation of energy gives
Hence . Since the incline is acute,
解法二
思路
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碰撞后在直线光滑坡上匀减速,可以由停止距离求减速度,再由重力沿坡分量求角。
答题过程
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At , conservation of momentum gives
Taking up the slope as positive,
Newton’s second law on the smooth slope gives
Therefore
(c)
解法一
思路
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从B处第一次碰撞起追踪:Q用0.7秒到C,合体上、下坡各0.4秒;合体回到C时P已到距B6米处,再用相向速率求相遇点。
答题过程
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Take time zero at the collision at . Particle reaches after . The combined particle has initial speed and deceleration magnitude on the slope, so its ascent takes . The descent takes the same time, and it returns to at speed .
At time , has travelled from , leaving a gap. Their closing speed is , so the further time is . The collision point is therefore
解法二
思路
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也可直接设相遇点距B为b,用P总用时等于Q及合体各段用时之和。
答题过程
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After the first collision, moves at . Particle takes to reach , and the combined particle takes to ascend and to return to , with speed on returning.
Let the collision point be from . Equating times since the first collision,
Multiplying by gives , so