题目
Problem
The diagram shows two particles P and Q which lie on a line of greatest slope of a plane ABC. Particles P and Q are each of mass mkg. The plane is inclined at an angle θ to the horizontal, where sinθ=0.6. The length of AB is 0.75m and the length of BC is 3.25m. The section AB of the plane is smooth and the section BC is rough. The coefficient of friction between each particle and the section BC is 0.25. Particle P is released from rest at A. At the same instant, particle Q is released from rest at B.
(a) Verify that particle P reaches B 0.5s after it is released, with speed 3ms−1.
(3)
(b) Find the time that it takes from the instant the two particles are released until they collide.
(4)
The two particles coalesce when they collide. The coefficient of friction between the combined particle and the plane is still 0.25.
(c) Find the time that it takes from the instant the particles collide until the combined particle reaches C.
(5)
题目中文翻译
图中两个质点 P 和 Q 位于斜面 ABC 的一条最大坡度线上。质点 P 和 Q 的质量均为 mkg。斜面与水平面成 θ 角,其中 sinθ=0.6。AB 的长度为 0.75m,BC 的长度为 3.25m。斜面的 AB 段光滑,BC 段粗糙。每个质点与 BC 段之间的摩擦系数均为 0.25。质点 P 从 A 处由静止释放。同时,质点 Q 从 B 处由静止释放。
(a) 验证质点 P 在释放后 0.5s 到达 B,此时速率为 3ms−1。
(3)
(b) 求从两质点释放的瞬间到它们碰撞所经过的时间。
(4)
两质点碰撞时结合成一个质点。结合后的质点与斜面之间的摩擦系数仍为 0.25。
(c) 求从两质点碰撞的瞬间到结合后的质点到达 C 所经过的时间。
(5)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is needed, use 10ms−2.
需要使用重力加速度 g 的数值时,取 10ms−2。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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光滑段只受重力沿坡分量,先求加速度,再实际推出到B所需时间与速度。
答题过程
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On smooth AB,
ma=mgsinθ=0.6mg,a=6ms−2.
Since P starts from rest and travels 0.75m,
0.75=21(6)t2,t=0.5s.
Its speed at B is
v=6(0.5)=3ms−1.
解法二
思路
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先用能量求B处速度,再用恒加速度运动关系求时间。
答题过程
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The decrease in potential energy on AB equals the gain in kinetic energy:
mg(0.75)(0.6)=21mv2.
Thus v2=9, so v=3ms−1. The constant acceleration is a=gsinθ=6. Hence
v=at⟹t=63=0.5s.
(b)
解法一
思路
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以P到达B后为计时起点,两者都在粗糙段且加速度相同。分别从B量位移,Q的运动时间比P多半秒。
答题过程
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On BC, cosθ=0.8, so each particle has acceleration
a=10(0.6)−0.25(10)(0.8)=4ms−2.
Let t be the time after P reaches B. Their displacements from B are
sP=sQ=3t+2t2,2(t+0.5)2.
At collision,
3t+2t2=2t2+2t+0.5.
t=0.5.
Thus the time from release is
0.5+0.5=1s.
解法二
思路
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用相对运动更简短:P到B时Q已领先半米,P比Q快1米每秒。共同加速度使相对速度保持不变。
答题过程
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The acceleration on BC is
a=10(0.6)−0.25(10)(0.8)=4ms−2.
At time 0.5s, P reaches B with speed 3, while Q has speed 4(0.5)=2ms−1 and is ahead by
21(4)(0.5)2=0.5m.
Their accelerations are equal, so the closing speed remains 3−2=1ms−1. The further time is 0.5/1=0.5s. Hence the total time is
1s.
(c)
解法一
思路
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先求碰前两速度,动量守恒求合体初速。碰撞位置距B两米,因此离C只剩1.25米;粗糙段加速度与质量无关,仍为4。
答题过程
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At collision, the velocities down the plane are
vP=vQ=3+4(0.5)=5,4(1)=4
in ms−1. Conservation of momentum gives
m(5)+m(4)=2mu,u=4.5ms−1.
The collision is 21(4)(1)2=2m from B, leaving 3.25−2=1.25m to C. For the combined particle,
a=gsinθ−0.25gcosθ=4ms−2.
If τ is the time after collision,
1.25=4.5τ+2τ2,
so
8τ2+18τ−5=0.
(4τ−1)(2τ+5)=0.
Rejecting the negative root,
τ=0.25s.