题目
Problem
A lorry of mass 15000kg moves on a straight horizontal road in the direction from A to B. It passes A and B with speeds 20ms−1 and 25ms−1 respectively. The power of the lorry’s engine is constant and there is a constant resistance to motion of magnitude 6000N. The acceleration of the lorry at B is 0.5 times the acceleration of the lorry at A.
(a) Show that the power of the lorry’s engine is 200kW and hence find the acceleration of the lorry when it is travelling at 20ms−1.
(5)
The lorry begins to ascend a straight hill inclined at 1∘ to the horizontal. It is given that the power of the lorry’s engine and the resistance force do not change.
(b) Find the steady speed up the hill that the lorry could maintain.
(2)
题目中文翻译
一辆质量为 15000kg 的货车沿笔直的水平道路从 A 向 B 行驶。它经过 A 和 B 时的速率分别为 20ms−1 和 25ms−1。货车发动机的功率恒定,受到的运动阻力大小恒为 6000N。货车在 B 点的加速度是在 A 点的加速度的 0.5 倍。
(a) 证明货车发动机的功率为 200kW,并由此求货车以 20ms−1 的速率行驶时的加速度。
(5)
货车开始沿一个与水平面成 1∘ 角的笔直山坡向上行驶。已知货车发动机的功率及阻力均不变。
(b) 求货车能够保持的上坡稳定速率。
(2)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is needed, use 10ms−2.
需要使用重力加速度 g 的数值时,取 10ms−2。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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用同一个功率P表示两速率下的驱动力。两个牛顿方程消去加速度,实际推出P,再由20米每秒状态求加速度。
答题过程
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Let the acceleration at A be a, so the acceleration at B is a/2. With power P in watts,
20P−6000=15000a,
25P−6000=7500a.
Twice the second equation minus the first gives
252P−20P=6000,1003P=6000.
Thus
P=200000W=200kW.
Hence, at speed 20ms−1,
15000a=20200000−6000=4000,
so
a=154ms−2.
解法二
思路
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也可先把功率表示成加速度的两个表达式,联立求a后求P。
答题过程
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The driving forces at A and B are 15000a+6000 and 7500a+6000. Since power is constant,
20(15000a+6000)=25(7500a+6000).
Expanding,
300000a+120000=187500a+150000,
so
a=11250030000=154ms−2.
Therefore
P=20(15000⋅154+6000)=200000W=200kW.
解法三
思路
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给定功率结论也可验证,但必须同时检查两个速率处的加速度符合一半关系,不能只代入一个状态。
答题过程
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For P=200000W, the driving forces at speeds 20 and 25ms−1 are
FA=20200000=10000,FB=25200000=8000.
Newton’s second law gives
aA=aB=1500010000−6000=154,150008000−6000=152.
Thus aB=aA/2, as required. The stated power 200kW satisfies both conditions, and the acceleration at speed 20ms−1 is 4/15ms−2.
(b)
解法一
思路
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稳速上坡时推力平衡恒阻力及重力沿坡分量,功率保持200千瓦。
答题过程
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At steady speed v>0,
v200000−6000−15000(10)sin1∘=0.
Hence
v=6000+150000sin1∘200000≈23.2ms−1.