题目
Problem
Three particles A, B and C of masses 5kg, 1kg and 2kg respectively lie at rest in that order on a straight smooth horizontal track XYZ. Initially A is at X, B is at Y and C is at Z. Particle A is projected towards B with a speed of 6ms−1 and at the same instant C is projected towards B with a speed of vms−1. In the subsequent motion, A collides and coalesces with B to form particle D. Particle D then collides and coalesces with C to form particle E and E moves towards Z.
(a) Show that after the second collision the speed of E is 415−vms−1.
(3)
(b) The total loss of kinetic energy of the system due to the two collisions is 63J.
Use the result from (a) to show that v=3.
(3)
(c) It is given that the distance XY is 36m and the distance YZ is 98m.
(i) Find the time between the two collisions.
(4)
(ii) Find the time between the instant that A is projected from X and the instant that E reaches Z.
(1)
题目中文翻译
三个质点 A、B 和 C 的质量分别为 5kg、1kg 和 2kg,按此顺序静止在一条笔直光滑的水平轨道 XYZ 上。最初,A 位于 X,B 位于 Y,C 位于 Z。质点 A 以 6ms−1 的速率向 B 抛出;同时,C 以 vms−1 的速率向 B 抛出。在随后的运动中,A 与 B 碰撞并结合成质点 D。质点 D 随后与 C 碰撞并结合成质点 E,且 E 向 Z 运动。
(a) 证明第二次碰撞后 E 的速率为 415−vms−1。
(3)
(b) 两次碰撞造成的系统总动能损失为 63J。
利用 (a) 的结果证明 v=3。
(3)
(c) 已知距离 XY 为 36m,距离 YZ 为 98m。
(i) 求两次碰撞之间的时间。
(4)
(ii) 求从 A 由 X 抛出的瞬间到 E 到达 Z 的瞬间所经过的时间。
(1)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is needed, use 10ms−2.
需要使用重力加速度 g 的数值时,取 10ms−2。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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沿X到Z为正,两次碰撞逐次守恒动量,注意C的速度为负。
答题过程
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Taking motion towards Z as positive, conservation of momentum at the first collision gives
5(6)=(5+1)uD,uD=5.
At the second collision,
6(5)+2(−v)=8uE.
Hence
uE=830−2v=415−v.
Since E moves towards Z, this is positive, so its speed is
415−vms−1.
(b)
解法一
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用初始总动能减最终总动能等于63,代入上一问的速度表达式,实际因式分解并舍弃负速率。
答题过程
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Using (a), the total loss of kinetic energy gives
21(5)(62)+21(2)v2−21(8)(415−v)2=63.
Thus
90+v2−4(15−v)2=63.
Multiplying by 4 and expanding,
360+4v2−(225−30v+v2)=252,
so
3v2+30v−117=3(v−3)(v+13)=0,0.
Since v is a speed, v=−13 is inadmissible. Therefore
v=3.
解法二
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也可以把两次损失分别处理,先扣除第一次碰撞已损失的15焦耳,再让第二次损失等于48。
答题过程
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From (a), the speed of D is 5ms−1. The loss at the first collision is
L1=21(5)(62)−21(6)(52)=15J.
Thus the second collision loses 63−15=48J. Using the speed of E from (a),
21(6)(52)+21(2)v2−21(8)(415−v)2=48.
Therefore
75+v2−4(15−v)2=48.
Expanding and factorising gives
3v2+30v−117=0,
3(v−3)(v+13)=0.
Rejecting the negative speed gives
v=3.
解法三
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给定结论也可直接回代能量条件验证:必须使用上一问求得的合体速度,并明确指出总损失符合63焦耳。
答题过程
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For v=3, the result of (a) gives
uE=415−3=3ms−1.
The initial and final kinetic energies are
Ei=21(5)(62)+21(2)(32)=99J,
Ef=21(8)(32)=36J.
Hence the total loss is 99−36=63J, as required, verifying v=3.
(c)(i)
解法一
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首次碰撞前C也在运动。先从98米中扣除C已走的距离,再用D、C相向运动的相对速率。
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The first collision occurs after
t1=636=6s.
By then C has moved 3(6)=18m towards Y, leaving a separation of 98−18=80m between D and C. Their closing speed is 5+3=8ms−1. Hence the time between collisions is
880=10s.
(c)(ii)
解法一
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第二次碰撞发生在Z左方C已走的总距离处;合体速率为3,求最后一段用时并加上前两段。
答题过程
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By the second collision, C has travelled 3(6+10)=48m from Z. Particle E then covers this distance towards Z at speed 3ms−1. Thus the total time is
6+10+348=32s.