题目
A van of mass is towing a trailer of mass down a straight hill inclined at an angle of to the horizontal where . The van and the trailer are connected by a light rigid tow-bar which is parallel to the road. There are constant resistance forces of on the van and on the trailer.
(a) It is given that the tension in the tow-bar is .
Find the acceleration of the trailer and the driving force of the van’s engine.
On another occasion, the van and trailer ascend a straight hill inclined at an angle of to the horizontal where . The driving force of the van’s engine is now , and the speed of the van at the bottom of the hill is . The resistances to motion are unchanged.
(b) (i) Find the acceleration of the van and the tension in the tow-bar.
(ii) Find the speed of the van when it has travelled a distance of up the hill.
题目中文翻译
一辆质量为 的厢式货车拖着一辆质量为 的拖车,沿一段与水平面成 角的笔直山坡下行,其中 。货车和拖车由一根平行于道路的轻质刚性牵引杆连接。货车和拖车受到的恒定阻力分别为 和 。
(a) 已知牵引杆中的张力为 。
求拖车的加速度和货车发动机的驱动力。
在另一次行驶中,货车和拖车沿一段与水平面成 角的笔直山坡上行,其中 。此时货车发动机的驱动力为 ,货车在坡底的速率为 。运动阻力保持不变。
(b) (i) 求货车的加速度和牵引杆中的张力。
(ii) 求货车沿山坡向上行驶 时的速率。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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下坡时拖车受张力沿坡向下,重力分量也向下,阻力向上。先对拖车求加速度,再对货车求驱动力。
答题过程
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Take down the hill as positive. For the trailer,
Thus
For the van, with driving force ,
Hence
(b)(i)
解法一
思路
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改为上坡时重新列方程。整体方程求加速度,再用拖车方程求张力。
答题过程
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Taking up the hill as positive, the system equation is
Hence
For the trailer,
giving
(b)(ii)
解法一
思路
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各力恒定,加速度恒定,用初末速度与位移关系。
答题过程
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Using the acceleration from (b)(i),
The van is moving up the hill, so
解法二
思路
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也可对整个车组写功与能量方程,内部张力不出现。
答题过程
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For the van and trailer together, the driving work less resistance work and the gain in potential energy equals the gain in kinetic energy:
Hence , so