题目
A cyclist is travelling along a straight horizontal road. The total mass of the cyclist and her bicycle is . There is a constant resistance force of magnitude to the cyclist’s motion. At an instant when she is travelling at , her acceleration is .
(a) Find the power output of the cyclist.
(b) Find the steady speed that the cyclist can maintain if her power output and the resistance force are both unchanged.
The cyclist later descends a straight hill of length , inclined at an angle of to the horizontal. Her power output is now , and the resistance force now has variable magnitude such that the work done against this force in descending the hill is . The time taken to descend the hill is .
(c) Given that the speed of the cyclist at the top of the hill is , find her speed at the bottom of the hill.
题目中文翻译
一名骑车人沿一条笔直的水平道路骑行。骑车人和自行车的总质量为 。骑车人的运动受到大小为 的恒定阻力。在她以 的速率行进的某一瞬间,她的加速度为 。
(a) 求骑车人的输出功率。
(b) 若她的输出功率和阻力均保持不变,求骑车人能够保持的稳定速率。
骑车人随后沿一段长 、与水平面成 角的笔直山坡下行。她此时的输出功率为 ,阻力的大小变为可变,使得下坡过程中克服该阻力所做的功为 。下坡所用的时间为 。
(c) 已知骑车人在坡顶的速率为 ,求她在坡底的速率。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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先用牛顿第二定律求驱动力,乘当时速率得到功率。
答题过程
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If the driving force is , Newton’s second law gives
Therefore the power is
(b)
解法一
思路
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稳速时推力等于阻力,用不变功率除以32。
答题过程
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At steady speed the driving force equals . Hence
(c)
解法一
思路
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变阻力只给总做功,不能用恒加速度。骑车者做功为功率乘时间,连同势能损失、阻力做功求动能变化。
答题过程
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The work done by the cyclist is . The loss of potential energy is
If the final speed is , the work-energy equation gives
Thus
Taking the positive root,