题目
Two particles, and , of masses and respectively, are attached to the ends of a light inextensible string. The string passes over a smooth pulley fixed at a point where the inclined planes and meet. lies on the smooth plane which is inclined at an angle to the horizontal where . lies on the plane which is inclined at to the horizontal. The string is taut and the particles can move on lines of greatest slope of the two planes (see diagram). The particles are released from rest.
(a) It is given that the plane is smooth.
Find the tension in the string and the acceleration of .
(b) It is given instead that the plane is rough. The work done against the frictional force when moves down the plane is . You should assume that does not reach the pulley and that does not reach .
Use an energy method to find the speed of when it has moved down the plane.
题目中文翻译
两个质点 和 的质量分别为 和 ,连接在一根轻质不可伸长细绳的两端。细绳跨过一个光滑滑轮,滑轮固定在斜面 与 相交的点 处。 位于光滑斜面 上,该斜面与水平面成 角,其中 。 位于斜面 上,该斜面与水平面成 角。细绳绷紧,质点可沿两个斜面的最大坡度线运动(见图)。两个质点从静止释放。
(a) 已知斜面 光滑。
求细绳中的张力及 的加速度。
(b) 现在改为已知斜面 粗糙。当 沿斜面向下移动 时,克服摩擦力所做的功为 。应假设 不会到达滑轮,且 不会到达 。
使用能量方法,求 沿斜面向下移动 后的速率。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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比较两边重力沿坡分量,Q沿30度面下滑。分别对P向上、Q向下列牛顿第二定律。
答题过程
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The downslope weight components are for and for . Thus accelerates down its plane.
For up its plane and down its plane,
Adding gives
Then
(b)
解法一
思路
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题目指定能量法。改为粗糙后不能沿用(a)加速度;Q势能损失减P势能增加与摩擦功等于总动能。
答题过程
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When moves 2 metres down , moves 2 metres up . The potential energy lost by is
and the potential energy gained by is
Both particles have speed , and the given work against friction is . Therefore
The speed of is .