题目
A machine for driving a nail into a block of wood causes a hammerhead to drop vertically onto the top of the nail. The mass of the hammerhead is and the mass of the nail is (see diagram). The hammerhead hits the nail with speed and remains in contact with the nail after the impact.
(a) Calculate the speed with which the combined hammerhead and nail move immediately after the impact. Give your answer correct to decimal places.
There is a constant force resisting the motion of magnitude .
(b) Calculate the distance the nail is driven into the wood.
题目中文翻译
一台将钉子打入木块的机器使锤头竖直落到钉子顶部。锤头的质量为 ,钉子的质量为 (见图)。锤头以 的速率撞击钉子,碰撞后仍与钉子保持接触。
(a) 计算锤头与钉子组合体在碰撞后瞬间的运动速率。答案保留 位小数。
运动受到大小为 的恒定阻力。
(b) 计算钉子被打入木块的距离。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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碰后锤头和钉子共同运动,用碰撞过程的动量守恒;按题目要求保留三位小数。
答题过程
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Taking downwards as positive, conservation of momentum gives
Thus
so the speed immediately after impact is to decimal places.
(b)
解法一
思路
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把锤头和钉子作为整体。阻力向上,重力向下,两者都要计入,不能忽略重量。
答题过程
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The combined mass is . Taking downwards as positive, Newton’s second law gives
Thus
The acceleration is constant. Using the unrounded speed from (a), the stopping distance satisfies
Hence
解法二
思路
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也可用功—能关系,重力做正功而木头阻力做负功,最终动能为零。
答题过程
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Let be the downward distance travelled after impact. The work-energy equation for the combined hammerhead and nail is
Thus