题目
A machine for driving a nail into a block of wood causes a hammerhead to drop vertically onto the top of a nail. The mass of the hammerhead is and the mass of the nail is (see diagram). The hammerhead hits the nail with speed and remains in contact with the nail after the impact. The combined hammerhead and nail move immediately after the impact with speed .
(a) Calculate , giving your answer as an exact fraction.
(b) The nail is driven into the wood.
Find the constant force resisting the motion.
题目中文翻译
一台将钉子打入木块的机器使锤头竖直下落,撞击钉子顶端。锤头的质量为 ,钉子的质量为 (见图)。锤头以 的速率撞击钉子,并在撞击后与钉子保持接触。撞击后瞬间,锤头与钉子作为整体以 的速率运动。
(a) 计算 ,以精确分数形式给出答案。
(b) 钉子被打入木块 。
求阻碍运动的恒力。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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碰撞前钉子静止,碰撞后锤头与钉子共同运动。按要求保留精确分数。
答题过程
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Taking downwards as positive, conservation of momentum gives
Hence
(b)
解法一
思路
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先用4厘米减速到静止求加速度。重力沿向下,木块的阻力向上,不能漏掉重力。
答题过程
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The combined mass is and the stopping distance is . Taking downwards as positive,
If the resistance magnitude is , Newton’s second law gives
Hence
解法二
思路
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也可用能量法,初动能加下降损失的势能,全部用于克服木块阻力。
答题过程
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During the descent, the work done against resistance equals the initial kinetic energy plus the loss in potential energy:
Thus
giving