题目
Problem
A light string A B AB A B is fixed at A A A and has a particle of weight 80 N 80\,\mathrm{N} 80 N attached at B B B . A horizontal force of magnitude P N P\,\mathrm{N} P N is applied at B B B such that the string makes an angle θ ∘ \theta^\circ θ ∘ to the vertical (see diagram).
(a) It is given that P = 32 P=32 P = 32 and the system is in equilibrium.
Find the tension in the string and the value of θ \theta θ .
(4)
(b) It is given instead that the tension in the string is 120 N 120\,\mathrm{N} 120 N and that the particle attached at B B B still has weight 80 N 80\,\mathrm{N} 80 N .
Find the value of P P P and the value of θ \theta θ .
(4)
题目中文翻译
一根轻绳 A B AB A B 固定于 A A A 点,并在 B B B 点连接一个重力为 80 N 80\,\mathrm{N} 80 N 的质点。在 B B B 点施加一个大小为 P N P\,\mathrm{N} P N 的水平力,使绳与竖直方向成 θ ∘ \theta^\circ θ ∘ 角(见图)。
(a) 已知 P = 32 P=32 P = 32 ,且系统处于平衡状态。
求绳的张力及 θ \theta θ 的值。
(4)
(b) 若改为已知绳的张力为 120 N 120\,\mathrm{N} 120 N ,且连接于 B B B 点的质点的重力仍为 80 N 80\,\mathrm{N} 80 N 。
求 P P P 和 θ \theta θ 的值。
(4)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g g g ) is needed, use 10 m s − 2 10\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} 10 m s − 2 .
需要使用重力加速度 g g g 的数值时,取 10 m s − 2 10\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} 10 m s − 2 。
解答
(a)
解法一
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沿水平、竖直方向分解张力。角相对竖直,因此水平分量用正弦。
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Equilibrium gives
T sin θ = 32 , T cos θ = 80. T\sin\theta=32,\qquad T\cos\theta=80. T sin θ = 32 , T cos θ = 80.
Squaring and adding, and then dividing,
T = 32 2 + 80 2 = 16 29 . T=\sqrt{32^2+80^2}=16\sqrt{29}. T = 3 2 2 + 8 0 2 = 16 29 .
tan θ = 32 80 . \tan\theta=\frac{32}{80}. tan θ = 80 32 .
Thus
T ≈ 86.2 N , θ ≈ 21.8 ∘ . T\approx\boxed{86.2\,\mathrm{N}},\qquad
\theta\approx\boxed{21.8^\circ}. T ≈ 86.2 N , θ ≈ 21. 8 ∘ .
解法二
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沿绳及其垂直方向分解,先求角,再求张力。
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Resolving perpendicular to the string,
80 sin θ − 32 cos θ = 0 , tan θ = 32 80 . 80\sin\theta-32\cos\theta=0,
\qquad \tan\theta=\frac{32}{80}. 80 sin θ − 32 cos θ = 0 , tan θ = 80 32 .
Thus θ ≈ 21.801409 … ∘ \theta\approx21.801409\ldots^\circ θ ≈ 21.801409 … ∘ . Resolving parallel to the string,
T = 80 cos θ + 32 sin θ = 16 29 N ≈ 86.162636 … N . \begin{align*}
T=&\,80\cos\theta+32\sin\theta\\[4mm]
=&\,16\sqrt{29}\,\mathrm{N}\\[4mm]
\approx&\,86.162636\ldots\,\mathrm{N}.
\end{align*} T = = ≈ 80 cos θ + 32 sin θ 16 29 N 86.162636 … N .
Therefore
T ≈ 86.2 N , θ ≈ 21.8 ∘ . T\approx\boxed{86.2\,\mathrm{N}},\qquad
\theta\approx\boxed{21.8^\circ}. T ≈ 86.2 N , θ ≈ 21. 8 ∘ .
解法三
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三个力组成闭合直角三角形,已知两条直角边,勾股定理求斜边张力。
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In the closed triangle of forces, the 80 N 80\,\mathrm{N} 80 N and 32 N 32\,\mathrm{N} 32 N sides are perpendicular and the tension is the hypotenuse. Thus
T 2 = 80 2 + 32 2 , tan θ = 32 80 . T^2=80^2+32^2,
\qquad \tan\theta=\frac{32}{80}. T 2 = 8 0 2 + 3 2 2 , tan θ = 80 32 .
Hence
T = 16 29 N ≈ 86.2 N , θ ≈ 21.8 ∘ . \boxed{T=16\sqrt{29}\,\mathrm{N}\approx86.2\,\mathrm{N}},
\qquad \theta\approx\boxed{21.8^\circ}. T = 16 29 N ≈ 86.2 N , θ ≈ 21. 8 ∘ .
解法四
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也可对力三角形用正弦定理,注意各边对应的角。
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The sine rule in the triangle of forces gives
T sin 90 ∘ = 32 sin θ = 80 sin ( 90 ∘ − θ ) . \frac{T}{\sin90^\circ}
=\frac{32}{\sin\theta}
=\frac{80}{\sin(90^\circ-\theta)}. sin 9 0 ∘ T = sin θ 32 = sin ( 9 0 ∘ − θ ) 80 .
Thus 32 / sin θ = 80 / cos θ 32/\sin\theta=80/\cos\theta 32/ sin θ = 80/ cos θ , so tan θ = 32 / 80 \tan\theta=32/80 tan θ = 32/80 . Therefore
θ ≈ 21.8 ∘ . \theta\approx\boxed{21.8^\circ}. θ ≈ 21. 8 ∘ .
Using cos θ = 5 / 29 \cos\theta=5/\sqrt{29} cos θ = 5/ 29 ,
T = 80 cos θ = 16 29 N ≈ 86.2 N . T=\frac{80}{\cos\theta}=16\sqrt{29}\,\mathrm{N}
\approx\boxed{86.2\,\mathrm{N}}. T = cos θ 80 = 16 29 N ≈ 86.2 N .
(b)
解法一
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张力改为120后重新用竖直平衡求角,再用水平平衡求P。
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The equilibrium equations are
120 cos θ = 80 , P = 120 sin θ . 120\cos\theta=80,\qquad P=120\sin\theta. 120 cos θ = 80 , P = 120 sin θ .
Since the angle is acute,
θ = cos − 1 ( 2 3 ) ≈ 48.2 ∘ . \theta=\cos^{-1}\bigg(\frac23\bigg)\approx\boxed{48.2^\circ}. θ = cos − 1 ( 3 2 ) ≈ 48. 2 ∘ .
Using the unrounded angle,
P = 40 5 ≈ 89.4 . \boxed{P=40\sqrt5\approx89.4}. P = 40 5 ≈ 89.4 .
解法二
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沿绳与垂直绳方向分解也可联立求解,利用垂直方程先表示P再代入。
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Resolving perpendicular and parallel to the string gives
80 sin θ − P cos θ = 0 , 120 = 80 cos θ + P sin θ . 80\sin\theta-P\cos\theta=0,
\qquad120=80\cos\theta+P\sin\theta. 80 sin θ − P cos θ = 0 , 120 = 80 cos θ + P sin θ .
The first gives P = 80 tan θ P=80\tan\theta P = 80 tan θ . Substituting into the second,
120 = 80 cos θ + 80 sin 2 θ cos θ = 80 cos θ . \begin{align*}
120=&\,80\cos\theta+\frac{80\sin^2\theta}{\cos\theta}\\[4mm]
=&\,\frac{80}{\cos\theta}.
\end{align*} 120 = = 80 cos θ + cos θ 80 sin 2 θ cos θ 80 .
Thus cos θ = 2 / 3 \cos\theta=2/3 cos θ = 2/3 , giving
θ ≈ 48.2 ∘ , P = 80 tan θ = 40 5 ≈ 89.4 . \theta\approx\boxed{48.2^\circ},\qquad
\boxed{P=80\tan\theta=40\sqrt5\approx89.4}. θ ≈ 48. 2 ∘ , P = 80 tan θ = 40 5 ≈ 89.4 .
解法三
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力三角形现已知斜边120和一条直角边80,可用勾股定理求P。
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In the right-angled force triangle,
120 2 = P 2 + 80 2 . 120^2=P^2+80^2. 12 0 2 = P 2 + 8 0 2 .
Thus
P = 120 2 − 80 2 = 40 5 ≈ 89.4 . \boxed{P=\sqrt{120^2-80^2}=40\sqrt5\approx89.4}. P = 12 0 2 − 8 0 2 = 40 5 ≈ 89.4 .
The angle satisfies cos θ = 80 / 120 \cos\theta=80/120 cos θ = 80/120 , so
θ ≈ 48.2 ∘ . \theta\approx\boxed{48.2^\circ}. θ ≈ 48. 2 ∘ .
解法四
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沿用正弦定理,但替换成这次给定的张力120。
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The sine rule in the triangle of forces gives
120 sin 90 ∘ = P sin θ = 80 sin ( 90 ∘ − θ ) . \frac{120}{\sin90^\circ}
=\frac{P}{\sin\theta}
=\frac{80}{\sin(90^\circ-\theta)}. sin 9 0 ∘ 120 = sin θ P = sin ( 9 0 ∘ − θ ) 80 .
Thus cos θ = 80 / 120 = 2 / 3 \cos\theta=80/120=2/3 cos θ = 80/120 = 2/3 , giving
θ ≈ 48.2 ∘ , P = 120 sin θ = 40 5 ≈ 89.4 . \theta\approx\boxed{48.2^\circ},\qquad
\boxed{P=120\sin\theta=40\sqrt5\approx89.4}. θ ≈ 48. 2 ∘ , P = 120 sin θ = 40 5 ≈ 89.4 .