题目
Problem
The diagram shows two particles, A A A and B B B , of masses 0.2 k g 0.2\,\mathrm{kg} 0.2 kg and 0.1 k g 0.1\,\mathrm{kg} 0.1 kg respectively. The particles are suspended below a horizontal ceiling by two strings, A P AP A P and B Q BQ B Q , attached to fixed points P P P and Q Q Q on the ceiling. The particles are connected by a horizontal string, A B AB A B . Angle A P Q = 45 ∘ APQ=45^\circ A P Q = 4 5 ∘ and B Q P = θ ∘ BQP=\theta^\circ B QP = θ ∘ . Each string is light and inextensible. The particles are in equilibrium.
(a) Find the value of the tension in the string A B AB A B .
(2)
(b) Find the value of θ \theta θ and the tension in the string B Q BQ B Q .
(4)
题目中文翻译
图中两个质点 A A A 和 B B B 的质量分别为 0.2 k g 0.2\,\mathrm{kg} 0.2 kg 和 0.1 k g 0.1\,\mathrm{kg} 0.1 kg 。两质点由两根绳 A P AP A P 和 B Q BQ B Q 悬挂在水平天花板下方,两绳分别连接到天花板上的固定点 P P P 和 Q Q Q 。两质点由一根水平绳 A B AB A B 连接。角 A P Q = 45 ∘ APQ=45^\circ A P Q = 4 5 ∘ ,角 B Q P = θ ∘ BQP=\theta^\circ B QP = θ ∘ 。每根绳均轻且不可伸长。两质点处于平衡状态。
(a) 求绳 A B AB A B 中张力的大小。
(2)
(b) 求 θ \theta θ 的值和绳 B Q BQ B Q 中张力的大小。
(4)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g g g ) is needed, use 10 m s − 2 10\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} 10 m s − 2 .
需要使用重力加速度 g g g 的数值时,取 10 m s − 2 10\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} 10 m s − 2 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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对A分别沿水平及竖直方向平衡,利用45度的正弦、余弦相同消去AP张力。
答题过程
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Let the tensions in A P AP A P and A B AB A B be S S S and H H H . Equilibrium of A A A gives
S sin 45 ∘ = 0.2 ( 10 ) = 2 , H = S cos 45 ∘ . S\sin45^\circ=0.2(10)=2,\qquad
H=S\cos45^\circ. S sin 4 5 ∘ = 0.2 ( 10 ) = 2 , H = S cos 4 5 ∘ .
Since sin 45 ∘ = cos 45 ∘ \sin45^\circ=\cos45^\circ sin 4 5 ∘ = cos 4 5 ∘ ,
H = 2 N . \boxed{H=2\,\mathrm{N}}. H = 2 N .
解法二
思路
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对A的三个平衡力使用Lami定理。水平张力与重力各自所对的夹角同为135度。
答题过程
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At A A A , the angle between A P AP A P and the downward weight is 135 ∘ 135^\circ 13 5 ∘ , as is the angle between A P AP A P and A B AB A B . By Lami’s theorem,
T A B sin 135 ∘ = 0.2 ( 10 ) sin 135 ∘ . \frac{T_{AB}}{\sin135^\circ}
=\frac{0.2(10)}{\sin135^\circ}. sin 13 5 ∘ T A B = sin 13 5 ∘ 0.2 ( 10 ) .
Hence
T A B = 2 N . \boxed{T_{AB}=2\,\mathrm{N}}. T A B = 2 N .
(b)
解法一
思路
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对B沿水平、竖直方向平衡。不同的绳不必具有同样张力。
答题过程
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Let the tension in B Q BQ B Q be T T T . Equilibrium of B B B gives
T cos θ = 2 , T sin θ = 0.1 ( 10 ) = 1. T\cos\theta=2,\qquad T\sin\theta=0.1(10)=1. T cos θ = 2 , T sin θ = 0.1 ( 10 ) = 1.
Dividing the equations and then squaring and adding,
tan θ = 1 2 , T 2 = 2 2 + 1 2 . \tan\theta=\frac12,\qquad T^2=2^2+1^2. tan θ = 2 1 , T 2 = 2 2 + 1 2 .
Therefore
θ ≈ 26.6 ∘ , T = 5 N ≈ 2.24 N . \theta\approx\boxed{26.6^\circ},\qquad
\boxed{T=\sqrt5\,\mathrm{N}\approx2.24\,\mathrm{N}}. θ ≈ 26. 6 ∘ , T = 5 N ≈ 2.24 N .
解法二
思路
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改沿BQ及其垂直方向分解。垂直方向先求角,再沿绳求张力。
答题过程
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Resolving the forces on B B B perpendicular to B Q BQ B Q ,
2 sin θ = cos θ , tan θ = 1 2 . 2\sin\theta=\cos\theta,
\qquad \tan\theta=\frac12. 2 sin θ = cos θ , tan θ = 2 1 .
Thus θ = 26.565051 … ∘ \theta=26.565051\ldots^\circ θ = 26.565051 … ∘ . Resolving parallel to B Q BQ B Q ,
T = 2 cos θ + sin θ = 2 ( 2 5 ) + 1 5 = 5 . \begin{align*}
T=&\,2\cos\theta+\sin\theta\\[4mm]
=&\,2\bigg(\frac2{\sqrt5}\bigg)+\frac1{\sqrt5}=\sqrt5.
\end{align*} T = = 2 cos θ + sin θ 2 ( 5 2 ) + 5 1 = 5 .
Hence
θ ≈ 26.6 ∘ , T = 5 N ≈ 2.24 N . \theta\approx\boxed{26.6^\circ},\qquad
\boxed{T=\sqrt5\,\mathrm{N}\approx2.24\,\mathrm{N}}. θ ≈ 26. 6 ∘ , T = 5 N ≈ 2.24 N .
解法三
思路
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把B所受三个力首尾相接成为直角力三角形,用勾股定理及三角比。
答题过程
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For B B B , the closed triangle of forces has perpendicular sides 2 N 2\,\mathrm{N} 2 N and 1 N 1\,\mathrm{N} 1 N , and hypotenuse T B Q T_{BQ} T B Q . Therefore
T B Q = 2 2 + 1 2 = 5 N , tan θ = 1 2 . T_{BQ}=\sqrt{2^2+1^2}=\sqrt5\,\mathrm{N},
\qquad \tan\theta=\frac12. T B Q = 2 2 + 1 2 = 5 N , tan θ = 2 1 .
Thus
θ ≈ 26.6 ∘ , T B Q = 5 N ≈ 2.24 N . \theta\approx\boxed{26.6^\circ},\qquad
\boxed{T_{BQ}=\sqrt5\,\mathrm{N}\approx2.24\,\mathrm{N}}. θ ≈ 26. 6 ∘ , T B Q = 5 N ≈ 2.24 N .
解法四
思路
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用Lami定理。BQ张力所对夹角为90度,其余两项可化为角的正弦、余弦。
答题过程
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Applying Lami’s theorem to B B B gives
T B Q sin 90 ∘ = 1 sin ( 180 ∘ − θ ) = 2 sin ( 90 ∘ + θ ) . \begin{align*}
\frac{T_{BQ}}{\sin90^\circ}
=&\,\frac{1}{\sin(180^\circ-\theta)}\\[4mm]
=&\,\frac{2}{\sin(90^\circ+\theta)}.
\end{align*} sin 9 0 ∘ T B Q = = sin ( 18 0 ∘ − θ ) 1 sin ( 9 0 ∘ + θ ) 2 .
Thus 1 / sin θ = 2 / cos θ 1/\sin\theta=2/\cos\theta 1/ sin θ = 2/ cos θ , giving tan θ = 1 / 2 \tan\theta=1/2 tan θ = 1/2 . Since θ \theta θ is acute, sin θ = 1 / 5 \sin\theta=1/\sqrt5 sin θ = 1/ 5 . Hence
θ ≈ 26.6 ∘ . \theta\approx\boxed{26.6^\circ}. θ ≈ 26. 6 ∘ .
T B Q = 1 1 / 5 = 5 N ≈ 2.24 N . T_{BQ}=\frac1{1/\sqrt5}
=\boxed{\sqrt5\,\mathrm{N}\approx2.24\,\mathrm{N}}. T B Q = 1/ 5 1 = 5 N ≈ 2.24 N .
解法五
思路
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也可把两个粒子作为整体,AB张力成为内力而消去。先从A求AP张力的分量,再列整体平衡。
答题过程
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From vertical equilibrium of A A A ,
T A P sin 45 ∘ = 2 , T A P = 2 2 N . T_{AP}\sin45^\circ=2,
\qquad T_{AP}=2\sqrt2\,\mathrm{N}. T A P sin 4 5 ∘ = 2 , T A P = 2 2 N .
Resolving on the whole system, the internal tensions in A B AB A B cancel:
T B Q sin θ + T A P sin 45 ∘ = 3 , T_{BQ}\sin\theta+T_{AP}\sin45^\circ=3, T B Q sin θ + T A P sin 4 5 ∘ = 3 ,
T B Q cos θ = T A P cos 45 ∘ . T_{BQ}\cos\theta=T_{AP}\cos45^\circ. T B Q cos θ = T A P cos 4 5 ∘ .
Therefore
T B Q sin θ = 1 , T B Q cos θ = 2. T_{BQ}\sin\theta=1,\qquad T_{BQ}\cos\theta=2. T B Q sin θ = 1 , T B Q cos θ = 2.
Hence
θ ≈ 26.6 ∘ , T B Q = 5 N ≈ 2.24 N . \theta\approx\boxed{26.6^\circ},\qquad
\boxed{T_{BQ}=\sqrt5\,\mathrm{N}\approx2.24\,\mathrm{N}}. θ ≈ 26. 6 ∘ , T B Q = 5 N ≈ 2.24 N .