题目
Problem
A particle P moves in a straight line. At time ts after passing through a point O on the line, the displacement of P from O is sm, where s=0.01t3−0.3t2−2.07t.
(a) Find the value of s when P has its minimum velocity, and find also the speed of P at this instant.
(6)
(b) Find the acceleration of P at the instant when the direction of motion of P changes.
(4)
题目中文翻译
一个质点 P 沿直线运动。经过直线上的点 O 后 ts 时,P 相对于 O 的位移为 sm,其中 s=0.01t3−0.3t2−2.07t。
(a) 求 P 的速度达到最小值时 s 的值,并求该瞬间 P 的速率。
(6)
(b) 求 P 改变运动方向的瞬间的加速度。
(4)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is needed, use 10ms−2.
需要使用重力加速度 g 的数值时,取 10ms−2。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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先求速度函数。其二次项系数正,令加速度零可找速度最小值,再回代位移并取速度绝对值求速率。
答题过程
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Differentiating the displacement,
v=a=0.03t2−0.6t−2.07,0.06t−0.6.
The velocity is a quadratic with positive leading coefficient, so its minimum occurs when
0.06t−0.6=0,t=10.
At this instant,
s=0.01(10)3−0.3(10)2−2.07(10)=−40.7 m,
v=0.03(10)2−0.6(10)−2.07=−5.07 m s−1.
Thus the speed is 5.07 m s−1.
解法二
思路
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也可将速度配方,直接看出最小值发生在t=10。
答题过程
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Differentiating and completing the square,
v==0.03t2−0.6t−2.070.03(t−10)2−5.07.
Since the squared term is non-negative, the minimum velocity is −5.07ms−1 at t=10. Hence the speed is 5.07 m s−1, and
s(10)=10−30−20.7=−40.7 m.
(b)
解法一
思路
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反向发生在速度为零而非加速度零;解出负时间舍去,再求正时刻加速度。
答题过程
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At a change of direction, v=0:
0.03t2−0.6t−2.07=t2−20t−69=0,(t−23)(t+3)=0.
Reject t=−3, since t≥0. The velocity changes from negative to positive at t=23. Therefore
a=0.06(23)−0.6=0.78 m s−2.