题目
The diagram shows a particle of mass on a rough plane inclined at an angle of to the horizontal. Two light inextensible strings are attached to . The strings pass over small smooth pulleys, which are fixed at the ends of the plane. The non-vertical parts of the string are parallel to a line of greatest slope of the plane. Particles and , of masses and respectively, hang vertically at the ends of the strings.
Both strings are taut, and the system is released from rest.
It is given that the tension in the string attached to is twice the tension in the string attached to .
(a) Find, in terms of , the tension in each of the strings and the magnitude of the acceleration of the particles.
(b) Find the coefficient of friction between and the plane.
(c) It is given that when the system is released from rest, is at the midpoint of the plane. In the subsequent motion, does not reach the pulley at the top of the plane, and takes to reach the pulley at the bottom of the plane.
Find the total length of the plane.
题目中文翻译
如图所示,质量为 的质点 位于与水平面成 角的粗糙斜面上。两根不可伸长的轻绳与 相连。绳子绕过固定在斜面两端的小光滑滑轮。绳子非竖直的部分平行于斜面的最大坡度线。质点 和 的质量分别为 和 ,分别竖直悬挂在绳子的末端。
两根绳子均绷紧,系统从静止释放。
已知连接 的绳子的张力是连接 的绳子的张力的两倍。
(a) 用 表示每根绳子的张力以及各质点加速度的大小。
(b) 求 与斜面之间的摩擦系数。
(c) 已知系统从静止释放时, 位于斜面的中点。在随后的运动中, 未到达斜面顶端的滑轮,而 用 到达斜面底端的滑轮。
求斜面的总长度。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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设Q向下、R向上,三粒子加速度大小相同。对两悬挂粒子列方程,并用张力比消元;计算出的正加速度验证所取方向。
答题过程
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Let be the tension in , so that the tension in is . Take downwards, upwards and down the slope as the positive directions, with common acceleration magnitude .
Newton’s second law for and gives
From the second equation . Substitution into the first gives
This is positive, confirming the chosen directions. Therefore
The tensions are in newtons and the acceleration is in .
(b)
解法一
思路
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P向下滑,摩擦力沿坡向上。对P单独列牛顿第二定律,求摩擦力,再除以支持力。
答题过程
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Let the friction on have magnitude . Its normal reaction is
Resolving down the plane for ,
Hence
Using ,
解法二
思路
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把三粒子作为整体,内部张力抵消。沿运动方向求重力总驱动分量,再扣除摩擦力。
答题过程
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For the combined system, the mass is . Taking the directions of motion as positive, the net driving weight component is
The tensions cancel internally, so Newton’s second law gives
Since the normal reaction on is ,
(c)
解法一
思路
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P从中点到下端的距离是斜面长度一半。先用初速零与加速度求这段距离,再乘二。
答题过程
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Let the total length of the plane be . Since starts at the midpoint, it travels before reaching the bottom pulley. Using ,
Hence .
解法二
思路
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也可先求1.5秒后的共同速率,再对整个系统用功—能关系求从中点移动的距离。
答题过程
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At , the common speed is
Let be the distance moved by each particle. The net external work on the combined system is
This equals the gain in kinetic energy:
Thus , and the total plane length is .