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CIE 9709 2023 June Paper 31 Q10

A Level / CIE / P3

CIE 9709 2023 June Paper 31 Paper · Question 10

题目

Problem

The polynomial x3+5x2+31x+75x^3+5x^2+31x+75 is denoted by p(x)\mathrm{p}(x).

(a) Show that (x+3)(x+3) is a factor of p(x)\mathrm{p}(x).

(2)

(b) Show that z=−1+26iz=-1+2\sqrt6\mathrm{i} is a root of p(z)=0\mathrm{p}(z)=0.

(3)

(c) Hence find the complex numbers zz which are roots of p(z2)=0\mathrm{p}(z^2)=0.

(7)
题目中文翻译

多项式 x3+5x2+31x+75x^3+5x^2+31x+75 记为 p(x)\mathrm{p}(x)。

(a) 证明 (x+3)(x+3) 是 p(x)\mathrm{p}(x) 的一个因式。

(2)

(b) 证明 z=−1+26iz=-1+2\sqrt6\mathrm{i} 是 p(z)=0\mathrm{p}(z)=0 的一个根。

(3)

(c) 由此求方程 p(z2)=0\mathrm{p}(z^2)=0 的各复数根 zz。

(7)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

用因式定理代入 x=−3x=-3。同时保留分解得到的二次因子,方便后面处理复数根。

答题过程

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By the factor theorem,

p(−3)= (−3)3+5(−3)2+31(−3)+75= −27+45−93+75=0.\begin{align*} \mathrm p(-3) =&\,(-3)^3+5(-3)^2+31(-3)+75\\[4mm] =&\,-27+45-93+75=0. \end{align*}

Hence x+3 is a factor of p(x)\boxed{x+3\text{ is a factor of }\mathrm p(x)}.

Polynomial division gives the useful factorisation

p(x)=(x+3)(x2+2x+25).\mathrm p(x)=(x+3)(x^2+2x+25).

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

先直接算给定复数的平方与立方,再代入多项式,分别检查实部和虚部相消。

答题过程

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Let z=−1+26 iz=-1+2\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}. Then

z2=1−46 i−24=−23−46 i,z^2=1-4\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}-24 =-23-4\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i},

and

z3= (−23−46 i)(−1+26 i)= 23−466 i+46 i+48= 71−426 i.\begin{align*} z^3 =&\,(-23-4\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i})(-1+2\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i})\\[4mm] =&\,23-46\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}+4\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}+48\\[4mm] =&\,71-42\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}. \end{align*}

Therefore

p(z)= (71−426 i)+5(−23−46 i) +31(−1+26 i)+75= (71−115−31+75)+(−42−20+62)6 i= 0.\begin{align*} \mathrm p(z) =&\,(71-42\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}) +5(-23-4\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i})\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+31(-1+2\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i})+75\\[4mm] =&\,(71-115-31+75) +(-42-20+62)\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}\\[4mm] =&\,0. \end{align*}

Thus −1+26 i is a root\boxed{-1+2\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}\text{ is a root}}.

解法二

思路

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利用(a)的二次因子求根,能直接展示给定复数为何是根。

答题过程

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From part (a),

p(z)=(z+3)(z2+2z+25).\mathrm p(z)=(z+3)(z^2+2z+25).

The quadratic factor is zero when

z= −2±4−1002= −2±46 i2= −1±26 i.\begin{align*} z=&\,\frac{-2\pm\sqrt{4-100}}2\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{-2\pm4\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}}2\\[4mm] =&\,-1\pm2\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}. \end{align*}

In particular, z=−1+26 i\boxed{z=-1+2\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}} makes this factor zero, and hence p(z)=0\mathrm p(z)=0.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

承接(a)(b),先列出 z2z^2 的三个可能值,再分别开平方。非实根的实部、虚部符号要成对,最后明确列出六个根。

答题过程

展开

From parts (a) and (b), the three roots of p(w)=0\mathrm p(w)=0 are

w= −3,w= −1+26 i,w= −1−26 i.\begin{align*} w=&\,-3,\\[4mm] w=&\,-1+2\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i},\\[4mm] w=&\,-1-2\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}. \end{align*}

Thus p(z2)=0\mathrm p(z^2)=0 requires z2z^2 to equal one of these values.

For z2=−3z^2=-3,

z=3 iorz=−3 i.z=\sqrt3\,\mathrm{i}\quad\text{or}\quad z=-\sqrt3\,\mathrm{i}.

For z2=−1+26 iz^2=-1+2\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}, write z=u+viz=u+v\mathrm{i} with u,vu,v real. Then

u2−v2=−1,uv=6.u^2-v^2=-1,\qquad uv=\sqrt6.

Also

(u2+v2)2=(u2−v2)2+4u2v2=1+24=25,(u^2+v^2)^2=(u^2-v^2)^2+4u^2v^2=1+24=25,

so u2+v2=5u^2+v^2=5. Hence u2=2u^2=2 and v2=3v^2=3. Since uv>0uv>0, the paired roots are

z=2+3 i,z=−2−3 i.z=\sqrt2+\sqrt3\,\mathrm{i}, \qquad z=-\sqrt2-\sqrt3\,\mathrm{i}.

For z2=−1−26 iz^2=-1-2\sqrt6\,\mathrm{i}, taking conjugates gives the remaining two roots. The complete set is

z1= 3 i,z2= −3 i,z3= 2+3 i,z4= −2−3 i,z5= 2−3 i,z6= −2+3 i.\begin{align*} z_1=&\,\sqrt3\,\mathrm{i},\\[4mm] z_2=&\,-\sqrt3\,\mathrm{i},\\[4mm] z_3=&\,\sqrt2+\sqrt3\,\mathrm{i},\\[4mm] z_4=&\,-\sqrt2-\sqrt3\,\mathrm{i},\\[4mm] z_5=&\,\sqrt2-\sqrt3\,\mathrm{i},\\[4mm] z_6=&\,-\sqrt2+\sqrt3\,\mathrm{i}. \end{align*}