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CIE 9709 2023 June Paper 33 Q9

A Level / CIE / P3

CIE 9709 2023 June Paper 33 Paper · Question 9

题目

Problem

The lines ll and mm have equations

l:r=ai+3j+bk+λ(ci−2j+4k),l:\quad\mathbf{r}=a\mathbf{i}+3\mathbf{j}+b\mathbf{k}+\lambda(c\mathbf{i}-2\mathbf{j}+4\mathbf{k}), m:r=i+2j+3k+μ(2i−3j+k).m:\quad\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{i}+2\mathbf{j}+3\mathbf{k}+\mu(2\mathbf{i}-3\mathbf{j}+\mathbf{k}).

Relative to the origin OO, the position vector of the point PP is 4i+7j−2k4\mathbf{i}+7\mathbf{j}-2\mathbf{k}.

(a) Given that ll is perpendicular to mm and that PP lies on ll, find the values of the constants aa, bb and cc.

(4)

(b) The perpendicular from PP meets line mm at QQ. The point RR lies on PQPQ extended, with PQ:QR=2:3PQ:QR=2:3.

Find the position vector of RR.

(6)
题目中文翻译

直线 ll 和 mm 的方程为

l:r=ai+3j+bk+λ(ci−2j+4k),l:\quad\mathbf{r}=a\mathbf{i}+3\mathbf{j}+b\mathbf{k}+\lambda(c\mathbf{i}-2\mathbf{j}+4\mathbf{k}), m:r=i+2j+3k+μ(2i−3j+k).m:\quad\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{i}+2\mathbf{j}+3\mathbf{k}+\mu(2\mathbf{i}-3\mathbf{j}+\mathbf{k}).

相对于原点 OO,点 PP 的位置向量为 4i+7j−2k4\mathbf{i}+7\mathbf{j}-2\mathbf{k}。

(a) 已知 ll 垂直于 mm,且 PP 在 ll 上,求常数 aa、bb 和 cc 的值。

(4)

(b) 从 PP 作的垂线与直线 mm 相交于 QQ。点 RR 在 PQPQ 的延长线上,且 PQ:QR=2:3PQ:QR=2:3。

求 RR 的位置向量。

(6)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

两条直线方向垂直,点积为零先求 cc。再用 PP 的第二分量求参数,代回第一、第三分量求 a,ba,b。

答题过程

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The direction vectors are (c,−2,4)(c,-2,4) and (2,−3,1)(2,-3,1). Perpendicularity gives

2c+6+4=0,c=−5.2c+6+4=0,\qquad \boxed{c=-5}.

Since P=(4,7,−2)P=(4,7,-2) lies on ll, its second component gives

3−2λ=7,λ=−2.3-2\lambda=7,\qquad \lambda=-2.

The first component then gives

a+λc= 4,a+10= 4,a= −6.\begin{align*} a+\lambda c=&\,4,\\[4mm] a+10=&\,4,\\[4mm] a=&\,\boxed{-6}. \end{align*}

The third component gives

b+4λ= −2,b−8= −2,b= 6.\begin{align*} b+4\lambda=&\,-2,\\[4mm] b-8=&\,-2,\\[4mm] b=&\,\boxed{6}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

先在 mm 上设垂足 QQ,用 PQ→\overrightarrow{PQ} 与 mm 的方向点积为零。外分点 RR 在 QQ 之后,所以 PR→=52PQ→\overrightarrow{PR}=\tfrac52\overrightarrow{PQ}。

答题过程

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A general point on mm is Q=(1+2μ,2−3μ,3+μ)Q=(1+2\mu,2-3\mu,3+\mu). Since P=(4,7,−2)P=(4,7,-2),

PQ→=(−3+2μ,−5−3μ,5+μ).\overrightarrow{PQ}=(-3+2\mu,-5-3\mu,5+\mu).

For the perpendicular foot,

PQ→⋅(2,−3,1)=0.\overrightarrow{PQ}\cdot(2,-3,1)=0.

Thus

2(−3+2μ)−3(−5−3μ)+(5+μ)=0,2(-3+2\mu)-3(-5-3\mu)+(5+\mu)=0,

so 14μ+14=014\mu+14=0 and μ=−1\mu=-1. Hence

Q=(−1,5,2),PQ→=(−5,−2,4).Q=(-1,5,2),\qquad \overrightarrow{PQ}=(-5,-2,4).

Since PQ:QR=2:3PQ:QR=2:3 and RR lies beyond QQ,

PR→=PQ→+QR→=52PQ→.\overrightarrow{PR} =\overrightarrow{PQ}+\overrightarrow{QR} =\frac52\overrightarrow{PQ}.

Therefore

OR→= (4,7,−2)+52(−5,−2,4)= −172i+2j+8k.\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{OR} =&\,(4,7,-2)+\frac52(-5,-2,4)\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{-\frac{17}{2}\mathbf i+2\mathbf j+8\mathbf k}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

展开

利用(a)已知 PP 在 ll 上且两线垂直,可先寻找两线交点。确认三分量一致后,该交点就是垂足,再求外分点。

答题过程

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Using part (a), the lines are

l: r=(−6,3,6)+λ(−5,−2,4),l:\ \mathbf r=(-6,3,6)+\lambda(-5,-2,4), m: r=(1,2,3)+μ(2,−3,1).m:\ \mathbf r=(1,2,3)+\mu(2,-3,1).

Equating the second and third components gives

2λ−3μ= 1,4λ−μ= −3.\begin{align*} 2\lambda-3\mu=&\,1,\\[4mm] 4\lambda-\mu=&\,-3. \end{align*}

From the second equation μ=3+4λ\mu=3+4\lambda. Substitution into the first gives λ=−1\lambda=-1, and then μ=−1\mu=-1.

The first components also agree:

−6−5(−1)=−1=1+2(−1).-6-5(-1)=-1=1+2(-1).

Thus the lines meet at Q=(−1,5,2)Q=(-1,5,2). Since they are perpendicular and PP lies on ll, this is the foot from PP to mm.

Now PQ→=(−5,−2,4)\overrightarrow{PQ}=(-5,-2,4) and QR→=32PQ→\overrightarrow{QR}=\tfrac32\overrightarrow{PQ}, so

OR→= (−1,5,2)+32(−5,−2,4)= −172i+2j+8k.\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{OR} =&\,(-1,5,2)+\frac32(-5,-2,4)\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{-\frac{17}{2}\mathbf i+2\mathbf j+8\mathbf k}. \end{align*}

解法三

思路

展开

垂足是直线上到 PP 距离最短的点。把距离平方写成参数的二次式,配方求最小值,再使用外分比例求 RR。

答题过程

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For a point Q=(1+2μ,2−3μ,3+μ)Q=(1+2\mu,2-3\mu,3+\mu) on mm,

PQ2= (−3+2μ)2+(−5−3μ)2 +(5+μ)2= 14μ2+28μ+59= 14(μ+1)2+45.\begin{align*} PQ^2=&\,(-3+2\mu)^2+(-5-3\mu)^2\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+(5+\mu)^2\\[4mm] =&\,14\mu^2+28\mu+59\\[4mm] =&\,14(\mu+1)^2+45. \end{align*}

The minimum occurs at μ=−1\mu=-1, so the perpendicular foot is Q=(−1,5,2)Q=(-1,5,2). Thus PQ→=(−5,−2,4)\overrightarrow{PQ}=(-5,-2,4). Since RR lies beyond QQ and PQ:QR=2:3PQ:QR=2:3,

OR→= OP→+52PQ→= (4,7,−2)+52(−5,−2,4)= −172i+2j+8k.\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{OR} =&\,\overrightarrow{OP}+\frac52\overrightarrow{PQ}\\[4mm] =&\,(4,7,-2)+\frac52(-5,-2,4)\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{-\frac{17}{2}\mathbf i+2\mathbf j+8\mathbf k}. \end{align*}