题目
Problem
In a field there are 300 plants of a certain species, all of which can be infected by a particular disease. At time t after the first plant is infected there are x infected plants. The rate of change of x is proportional to the product of the number of plants infected and the number of plants that are not yet infected. The variables x and t are treated as continuous, and it is given that dtdx=0.2 and x=1 when t=0.
(a) Show that x and t satisfy the differential equation
1495dtdx=x(300−x).
(2)
(b) Using partial fractions, solve the differential equation and obtain an expression for t in terms of a single logarithm involving x.
(9)
题目中文翻译
一块田地里有 300 株某种植物,它们都可能感染某种疾病。在第一株植物感染后经过时间 t 时,有 x 株植物受到感染。x 的变化率与已感染植物的数量和尚未感染植物的数量的乘积成正比。变量 x 和 t 被视为连续变量,且已知当 t=0 时,dtdx=0.2 且 x=1。
(a) 证明 x 和 t 满足微分方程
1495dtdx=x(300−x).
(2)
(b) 使用部分分式解此微分方程,并求出 t 的表达式,其中用一个含 x 的对数表示。
(9)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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未感染植物数是 300−x。按正比关系设方程,再用初始瞬时变化率求比例常数。
答题过程
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There are x infected plants and 300−x uninfected plants. Hence
dtdx=kx(300−x).
Using x=1 and dx/dt=0.2 at t=0,
0.2=k(1)(299)⟹k=14951.
Thus
1495dtdx=x(300−x).
(b)
解法一
思路
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分离变量后按要求做部分分式,对数积分的第二项有负号。初值确定常数,最后合并成一个对数。
答题过程
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Separating variables,
x(300−x)1495dx=dt.
Write
x(300−x)1=xA+300−xB.
Multiplying through gives
1=A(300−x)+Bx.
Putting x=0 and x=300 gives A=B=1/300. Therefore
3001495∫(x1+300−x1)dx=∫dt.
The second term integrates to −ln(300−x) because its inner derivative is −1. For 0<x<300,
3001495[lnx−ln(300−x)]=t+C.
Using x=1 at t=0,
C=−3001495ln299.
Hence, combining the logarithms,
t==3001495[ln300−xx+ln299]60299ln(300−x299x).