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CIE 9709 2024 June Paper 31 Q11

A Level / CIE / P3

CIE 9709 2024 June Paper 31 Paper · Question 11

题目

Problem

In a field there are 300300 plants of a certain species, all of which can be infected by a particular disease. At time tt after the first plant is infected there are xx infected plants. The rate of change of xx is proportional to the product of the number of plants infected and the number of plants that are not yet infected. The variables xx and tt are treated as continuous, and it is given that dxdt=0.2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=0.2 and x=1x=1 when t=0t=0.

(a) Show that xx and tt satisfy the differential equation

1495dxdt=x(300−x).1495\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=x(300-x).
(2)

(b) Using partial fractions, solve the differential equation and obtain an expression for tt in terms of a single logarithm involving xx.

(9)
题目中文翻译

一块田地里有 300300 株某种植物,它们都可能感染某种疾病。在第一株植物感染后经过时间 tt 时,有 xx 株植物受到感染。xx 的变化率与已感染植物的数量和尚未感染植物的数量的乘积成正比。变量 xx 和 tt 被视为连续变量,且已知当 t=0t=0 时,dxdt=0.2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=0.2 且 x=1x=1。

(a) 证明 xx 和 tt 满足微分方程

1495dxdt=x(300−x).1495\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=x(300-x).
(2)

(b) 使用部分分式解此微分方程,并求出 tt 的表达式,其中用一个含 xx 的对数表示。

(9)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

未感染植物数是 300−x300-x。按正比关系设方程,再用初始瞬时变化率求比例常数。

答题过程

展开

There are xx infected plants and 300−x300-x uninfected plants. Hence

dxdt=kx(300−x).\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=kx(300-x).

Using x=1x=1 and dx/dt=0.2\mathrm{d}x/\mathrm{d}t=0.2 at t=0t=0,

0.2=k(1)(299)⟹k=11495.0.2=k(1)(299) \quad\Longrightarrow\quad k=\frac1{1495}.

Thus

1495dxdt=x(300−x).\boxed{1495\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=x(300-x)}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

分离变量后按要求做部分分式,对数积分的第二项有负号。初值确定常数,最后合并成一个对数。

答题过程

展开

Separating variables,

1495x(300−x) dx=dt.\frac{1495}{x(300-x)}\,\mathrm{d}x=\mathrm{d}t.

Write

1x(300−x)=Ax+B300−x.\frac1{x(300-x)}=\frac A x+\frac B{300-x}.

Multiplying through gives

1=A(300−x)+Bx.1=A(300-x)+Bx.

Putting x=0x=0 and x=300x=300 gives A=B=1/300A=B=1/300. Therefore

1495300∫(1x+1300−x) dx=∫dt.\frac{1495}{300}\int\bigg(\frac1x+\frac1{300-x}\bigg)\,\mathrm{d}x =\int\mathrm{d}t.

The second term integrates to −ln⁡(300−x)-\ln(300-x) because its inner derivative is −1-1. For 0<x<3000<x<300,

1495300[ln⁡x−ln⁡(300−x)]=t+C.\frac{1495}{300}\big[\ln x-\ln(300-x)\big]=t+C.

Using x=1x=1 at t=0t=0,

C=−1495300ln⁡299.C=-\frac{1495}{300}\ln299.

Hence, combining the logarithms,

t= 1495300[ln⁡x300−x+ln⁡299]= 29960ln⁡(299x300−x).\begin{align*} t=&\,\frac{1495}{300}\bigg[\ln\frac{x}{300-x}+\ln299\bigg]\\ =&\,\boxed{\frac{299}{60}\ln\bigg(\frac{299x}{300-x}\bigg)}. \end{align*}