题目
Problem
(a) Express (x−1)(2x−6)x+3 in partial fractions.
(4)
(b) The variables x and y satisfy the differential equation
(x−1)(2x−6)dxdy=ln(2y)x+3.
It is given that y=1 when x=4.
Solve the differential equation to obtain an equation in x and y.
(7)
题目中文翻译
(a) 将 (x−1)(2x−6)x+3 表示为部分分式。
(4)
(b) 变量 x 和 y 满足微分方程
(x−1)(2x−6)dxdy=ln(2y)x+3.
已知当 x=4 时,y=1。
解这个微分方程,得到一个关于 x 和 y 的方程。
(7)
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解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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分母有两个不同的一次因式,先设两个部分分式。乘去分母后,分别代入使其中一个因式为零的 x 值。
答题过程
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Write
(x−1)(2x−6)x+3=x−1A+2x−6B.
Then x+3=A(2x−6)+B(x−1). At x=1, 4=−4A, so A=−1. At x=3, 6=2B, so B=3. Hence the decomposition is
−x−11+2x−63.
(b)
解法一
思路
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分离变量后,右边可直接使用 (a) 的部分分式。左边的 ln(2y) 用分部积分,再代入初值。
答题过程
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On the solution through (4,1), separation gives
ln(2y)dy=(−x−11+2x−63)dx.
For the left side, use integration by parts with u=ln(2y), du=dy/y and v=y:
∫ln(2y)dy==yln(2y)−∫1dyyln(2y)−y+C1.
Therefore, on the interval x>3 containing the initial point,
yln(2y)−y=−ln(x−1)+23ln(x−3)+C.
Using x=4, y=1 gives
ln2−1=C=−ln3+C,ln6−1.
The required equation is
yln(2y)−y=−ln(x−1)+23ln(x−3)+ln6−1,
on the branch through (4,1) where the original differential equation is defined.