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CIE 9709 2022 November Paper 31 Q8

A Level / CIE / P3

CIE 9709 2022 Nov Paper 31 Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

In a certain chemical reaction the amount, xx grams, of a substance is increasing. The differential equation satisfied by xx and tt, the time in seconds since the reaction began, is

dxdt=kxe−0.1t,\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=kx\mathrm{e}^{-0.1t},

where kk is a positive constant. It is given that x=20x=20 at the start of the reaction.

(a) Solve the differential equation, obtaining a relation between xx, tt and kk.

(5)

(b) Given that x=40x=40 when t=10t=10, find the value of kk and find the value approached by xx as tt becomes large.

(3)
题目中文翻译

在某个化学反应中,一种物质的量为 xx 克,且正在增加。xx 与反应开始后经过的时间 tt(单位为秒)满足微分方程

dxdt=kxe−0.1t,\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=kx\mathrm{e}^{-0.1t},

其中 kk 为正常数。已知反应开始时 x=20x=20。

(a) 解此微分方程,求 xx、tt 和 kk 之间的关系。

(5)

(b) 已知当 t=10t=10 时,x=40x=40,求 kk 的值,以及当 tt 变得很大时 xx 趋近的值。

(3)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

分离变量并积分。由于物质量为正,直接使用 ln⁡x\ln x;用 t=0,x=20t=0,x=20 求常数。

答题过程

展开

Separating variables,

1x dx=ke−0.1t dt.\frac1x\,\mathrm{d}x=ke^{-0.1t}\,\mathrm{d}t.

Since x>0x>0, and the derivative of e−0.1te^{-0.1t} is −0.1e−0.1t-0.1e^{-0.1t}, integration gives

ln⁡x=−10ke−0.1t+C.\ln x=-10ke^{-0.1t}+C.

Using x=20x=20 at t=0t=0,

ln⁡20= −10k+C,C= ln⁡20+10k.\begin{align*} \ln20=&\,-10k+C,\\[4mm] C=&\,\ln20+10k. \end{align*}

Hence

ln⁡x20=10k(1−e−0.1t).\boxed{\ln\frac{x}{20}=10k(1-e^{-0.1t})}.

Equivalently, x=20e10k(1−e−0.1t)x=20e^{10k(1-e^{-0.1t})}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

先代入第二组数据求 kk。当时间趋于无穷时,衰减指数趋于零,因此物质量趋于有限极限。

答题过程

展开

Using x=40x=40 at t=10t=10 in part (a),

ln⁡2=10k(1−e−1).\ln2=10k(1-e^{-1}).

Thus

k=ln⁡210(1−e−1)≈0.110k=\frac{\ln2}{10(1-e^{-1})}\approx\boxed{0.110}

to 3 significant figures, with 10k=1.096542…10k=1.096542\ldots.

As t→∞t\to\infty, e−0.1t→0e^{-0.1t}\to0, so

x⟶ 20e10k= 20exp⁡(ln⁡21−e−1)= 59.8759….\begin{align*} x\longrightarrow&\,20e^{10k}\\[4mm] =&\,20\exp\bigg(\frac{\ln2}{1-e^{-1}}\bigg)\\[4mm] =&\,59.8759\ldots. \end{align*}

Therefore x→59.9 grams\boxed{x\to59.9\text{ grams}}.