题目
Problem
In a certain chemical reaction the amount, x grams, of a substance is increasing. The differential equation satisfied by x and t, the time in seconds since the reaction began, is
dtdx=kxe−0.1t,
where k is a positive constant. It is given that x=20 at the start of the reaction.
(a) Solve the differential equation, obtaining a relation between x, t and k.
(5)
(b) Given that x=40 when t=10, find the value of k and find the value approached by x as t becomes large.
(3)
题目中文翻译
在某个化学反应中,一种物质的量为 x 克,且正在增加。x 与反应开始后经过的时间 t(单位为秒)满足微分方程
dtdx=kxe−0.1t,
其中 k 为正常数。已知反应开始时 x=20。
(a) 解此微分方程,求 x、t 和 k 之间的关系。
(5)
(b) 已知当 t=10 时,x=40,求 k 的值,以及当 t 变得很大时 x 趋近的值。
(3)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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分离变量并积分。由于物质量为正,直接使用 lnx;用 t=0,x=20 求常数。
答题过程
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Separating variables,
x1dx=ke−0.1tdt.
Since x>0, and the derivative of e−0.1t is −0.1e−0.1t, integration gives
lnx=−10ke−0.1t+C.
Using x=20 at t=0,
ln20=C=−10k+C,ln20+10k.
Hence
ln20x=10k(1−e−0.1t).
Equivalently, x=20e10k(1−e−0.1t).
(b)
解法一
思路
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先代入第二组数据求 k。当时间趋于无穷时,衰减指数趋于零,因此物质量趋于有限极限。
答题过程
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Using x=40 at t=10 in part (a),
ln2=10k(1−e−1).
Thus
k=10(1−e−1)ln2≈0.110
to 3 significant figures, with 10k=1.096542….
As t→∞, e−0.1t→0, so
x⟶==20e10k20exp(1−e−1ln2)59.8759….
Therefore x→59.9 grams.