题目
A gardener is filling an ornamental pool with water, using a hose that delivers litres of water per minute. Initially the pool is empty. At time minutes after filling begins the volume of water in the pool is litres. The pool has a small leak and loses water at a rate of litres per minute.
The differential equation satisfied by and is of the form .
(a) Write down the values of the constants and .
(b) Solve the differential equation and find the value of when .
(c) Obtain an expression for in terms of and hence state what happens to as becomes large.
题目中文翻译
一名园丁用水管向一个观赏水池注水,水管每分钟输送 升水。最初水池是空的。开始注水 分钟后,池中水的体积为 升。水池有一处小漏口,以每分钟 升的速率漏水。
和 满足的微分方程形式为 。
(a) 写出常数 和 的值。
(b) 解此微分方程,并求 时 的值。
(c) 求用 表示 的表达式,并由此说明当 变得很大时 如何变化。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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水量净变化率等于流入率减去漏水率,直接与给定形式比较。
答题过程
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The net rate of change is
Therefore .
(b)
解法一
思路
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分离变量,注意分母中 的系数为负。使用初始空池条件定常数,再代入目标水量求时间。
答题过程
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Separating variables,
On the filling branch through , the denominator is positive. Since the derivative of with respect to is , integration gives
Using at , . Hence
When ,
Therefore .
(c)
解法一
思路
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将(b)的对数关系指数化,解出 。时间趋于无穷时,衰减指数趋于零。
答题过程
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From part (b),
so
Therefore
As , .