题目
Problem
The equations of the lines l l l and m m m are given by
l : r = ( 3 − 2 1 ) + λ ( 1 1 2 ) l:\quad\mathbf{r}=\begin{pmatrix}3\\-2\\1\end{pmatrix}+\lambda\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix} l : r = 3 − 2 1 + λ 1 1 2
and
m : r = ( 6 − 3 6 ) + μ ( − 2 4 c ) , m:\quad\mathbf{r}=\begin{pmatrix}6\\-3\\6\end{pmatrix}+\mu\begin{pmatrix}-2\\4\\c\end{pmatrix}, m : r = 6 − 3 6 + μ − 2 4 c ,
where c c c is a positive constant. It is given that the angle between l l l and m m m is 60 ∘ 60^\circ 6 0 ∘ .
(a) Find the value of c c c .
(4)
(b) Show that the length of the perpendicular from ( 6 , − 3 , 6 ) (6,-3,6) ( 6 , − 3 , 6 ) to l l l is 11 \sqrt{11} 11 .
(5)
题目中文翻译
直线 l l l 和 m m m 的方程分别为
l : r = ( 3 − 2 1 ) + λ ( 1 1 2 ) l:\quad\mathbf{r}=\begin{pmatrix}3\\-2\\1\end{pmatrix}+\lambda\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix} l : r = 3 − 2 1 + λ 1 1 2
和
m : r = ( 6 − 3 6 ) + μ ( − 2 4 c ) , m:\quad\mathbf{r}=\begin{pmatrix}6\\-3\\6\end{pmatrix}+\mu\begin{pmatrix}-2\\4\\c\end{pmatrix}, m : r = 6 − 3 6 + μ − 2 4 c ,
其中 c c c 为正常数。已知 l l l 与 m m m 之间的夹角为 60 ∘ 60^\circ 6 0 ∘ 。
(a) 求 c c c 的值。
(4)
(b) 证明从 ( 6 , − 3 , 6 ) (6,-3,6) ( 6 , − 3 , 6 ) 到 l l l 的垂线段的长度为 11 \sqrt{11} 11 。
(5)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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方向向量的点积给出夹角。平方得到二次方程后,要利用 c > 0 c>0 c > 0 筛选根。
答题过程
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Direction vectors are d = ( 1 , 1 , 2 ) \mathbf d=(1,1,2) d = ( 1 , 1 , 2 ) and e = ( − 2 , 4 , c ) \mathbf e=(-2,4,c) e = ( − 2 , 4 , c ) . Hence
d ⋅ e = 2 + 2 c , ∣ d ∣ = 6 , ∣ e ∣ = 20 + c 2 . \begin{align*}
\mathbf d\cdot\mathbf e=&\,2+2c,\\[4mm]
|\mathbf d|=&\,\sqrt6,\\[4mm]
|\mathbf e|=&\,\sqrt{20+c^2}.
\end{align*} d ⋅ e = ∣ d ∣ = ∣ e ∣ = 2 + 2 c , 6 , 20 + c 2 .
Since c > 0 c>0 c > 0 , the scalar product is positive. Using the angle 60 ∘ 60^\circ 6 0 ∘ ,
2 + 2 c 6 20 + c 2 = 1 2 . \frac{2+2c}{\sqrt6\sqrt{20+c^2}}=\frac12. 6 20 + c 2 2 + 2 c = 2 1 .
Squaring,
4 ( 2 + 2 c ) 2 = 6 ( 20 + c 2 ) , 10 c 2 + 32 c − 104 = 0 , ( c − 2 ) ( 5 c + 26 ) = 0. \begin{align*}
4(2+2c)^2=&\,6(20+c^2),\\[4mm]
10c^2+32c-104=&\,0,\\[4mm]
(c-2)(5c+26)=&\,0.
\end{align*} 4 ( 2 + 2 c ) 2 = 10 c 2 + 32 c − 104 = ( c − 2 ) ( 5 c + 26 ) = 6 ( 20 + c 2 ) , 0 , 0.
The roots are 2 2 2 and − 26 / 5 -26/5 − 26/5 . Since c > 0 c>0 c > 0 , c = 2 \boxed{c=2} c = 2 .
(b)
解法一
思路
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设垂足在直线上,利用连接向量与直线方向垂直求参数,再计算长度。
答题过程
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Let A = ( 6 , − 3 , 6 ) A=(6,-3,6) A = ( 6 , − 3 , 6 ) and let P P P be the foot of the perpendicular on l l l . Write
P = ( 3 + λ , − 2 + λ , 1 + 2 λ ) . P=(3+\lambda,-2+\lambda,1+2\lambda). P = ( 3 + λ , − 2 + λ , 1 + 2 λ ) .
Then
A P → = ( − 3 + λ , 1 + λ , − 5 + 2 λ ) . \overrightarrow{AP}=(-3+\lambda,1+\lambda,-5+2\lambda). A P = ( − 3 + λ , 1 + λ , − 5 + 2 λ ) .
Since A P → ⊥ ( 1 , 1 , 2 ) \overrightarrow{AP}\perp(1,1,2) A P ⊥ ( 1 , 1 , 2 ) ,
( − 3 + λ ) + ( 1 + λ ) + 2 ( − 5 + 2 λ ) = 0. (-3+\lambda)+(1+\lambda)+2(-5+2\lambda)=0. ( − 3 + λ ) + ( 1 + λ ) + 2 ( − 5 + 2 λ ) = 0.
Thus 6 λ − 12 = 0 6\lambda-12=0 6 λ − 12 = 0 , giving λ = 2 \lambda=2 λ = 2 . Therefore A P → = ( − 1 , 3 , − 1 ) \overrightarrow{AP}=(-1,3,-1) A P = ( − 1 , 3 , − 1 ) and
A P = ( − 1 ) 2 + 3 2 + ( − 1 ) 2 = 11 . \boxed{AP=\sqrt{(-1)^2+3^2+(-1)^2}=\sqrt{11}}. A P = ( − 1 ) 2 + 3 2 + ( − 1 ) 2 = 11 .
解法二
思路
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把到直线上任意点的距离平方配成完全平方,最小值就是垂直距离的平方。
答题过程
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For P = ( 3 + λ , − 2 + λ , 1 + 2 λ ) P=(3+\lambda,-2+\lambda,1+2\lambda) P = ( 3 + λ , − 2 + λ , 1 + 2 λ ) ,
A P 2 = ( λ − 3 ) 2 + ( λ + 1 ) 2 + ( 2 λ − 5 ) 2 = 6 λ 2 − 24 λ + 35 = 6 ( λ − 2 ) 2 + 11. \begin{align*}
AP^2
=&\,(\lambda-3)^2+(\lambda+1)^2\\[4mm]
&\,\hspace{2pt}+(2\lambda-5)^2\\[4mm]
=&\,6\lambda^2-24\lambda+35\\[4mm]
=&\,6(\lambda-2)^2+11.
\end{align*} A P 2 = = = ( λ − 3 ) 2 + ( λ + 1 ) 2 + ( 2 λ − 5 ) 2 6 λ 2 − 24 λ + 35 6 ( λ − 2 ) 2 + 11.
Its minimum is 11 11 11 , attained at λ = 2 \lambda=2 λ = 2 . Therefore the perpendicular distance is 11 \boxed{\sqrt{11}} 11 .
解法三
思路
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取直线上已知点 B B B ,用点积求 B A → \overrightarrow{BA} B A 沿直线方向的投影,再用勾股定理求垂直分量。
答题过程
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Let B = ( 3 , − 2 , 1 ) B=(3,-2,1) B = ( 3 , − 2 , 1 ) , a point on l l l . Then
B A → = ( 3 , − 1 , 5 ) , ∣ B A → ∣ 2 = 35. \begin{align*}
\overrightarrow{BA}=&\,(3,-1,5),\\[4mm]
|\overrightarrow{BA}|^2=&\,35.
\end{align*} B A = ∣ B A ∣ 2 = ( 3 , − 1 , 5 ) , 35.
The line has direction d = ( 1 , 1 , 2 ) \mathbf d=(1,1,2) d = ( 1 , 1 , 2 ) , so
B A → ⋅ d = 3 − 1 + 10 = 12 , ∣ d ∣ 2 = 6. \overrightarrow{BA}\cdot\mathbf d=3-1+10=12,
\qquad |\mathbf d|^2=6. B A ⋅ d = 3 − 1 + 10 = 12 , ∣ d ∣ 2 = 6.
The squared projection length onto l l l is 12 2 / 6 = 24 12^2/6=24 1 2 2 /6 = 24 . Thus the squared perpendicular distance is
d 2 = 35 − 24 = 11 , d^2=35-24=11, d 2 = 35 − 24 = 11 ,
giving d = 11 \boxed{d=\sqrt{11}} d = 11 .