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CIE 9709 2023 Nov Paper 32 Q10

A Level / CIE / P3

CIE 9709 2023 Nov Paper 32 Paper · Question 10

题目

Problem

The equations of the lines ll and mm are given by

l:r=(3−21)+λ(112)l:\quad\mathbf{r}=\begin{pmatrix}3\\-2\\1\end{pmatrix}+\lambda\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}

and

m:r=(6−36)+μ(−24c),m:\quad\mathbf{r}=\begin{pmatrix}6\\-3\\6\end{pmatrix}+\mu\begin{pmatrix}-2\\4\\c\end{pmatrix},

where cc is a positive constant. It is given that the angle between ll and mm is 60∘60^\circ.

(a) Find the value of cc.

(4)

(b) Show that the length of the perpendicular from (6,−3,6)(6,-3,6) to ll is 11\sqrt{11}.

(5)
题目中文翻译

直线 ll 和 mm 的方程分别为

l:r=(3−21)+λ(112)l:\quad\mathbf{r}=\begin{pmatrix}3\\-2\\1\end{pmatrix}+\lambda\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}

和

m:r=(6−36)+μ(−24c),m:\quad\mathbf{r}=\begin{pmatrix}6\\-3\\6\end{pmatrix}+\mu\begin{pmatrix}-2\\4\\c\end{pmatrix},

其中 cc 为正常数。已知 ll 与 mm 之间的夹角为 60∘60^\circ。

(a) 求 cc 的值。

(4)

(b) 证明从 (6,−3,6)(6,-3,6) 到 ll 的垂线段的长度为 11\sqrt{11}。

(5)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

方向向量的点积给出夹角。平方得到二次方程后,要利用 c>0c>0 筛选根。

答题过程

展开

Direction vectors are d=(1,1,2)\mathbf d=(1,1,2) and e=(−2,4,c)\mathbf e=(-2,4,c). Hence

d⋅e= 2+2c,∣d∣= 6,∣e∣= 20+c2.\begin{align*} \mathbf d\cdot\mathbf e=&\,2+2c,\\[4mm] |\mathbf d|=&\,\sqrt6,\\[4mm] |\mathbf e|=&\,\sqrt{20+c^2}. \end{align*}

Since c>0c>0, the scalar product is positive. Using the angle 60∘60^\circ,

2+2c620+c2=12.\frac{2+2c}{\sqrt6\sqrt{20+c^2}}=\frac12.

Squaring,

4(2+2c)2= 6(20+c2),10c2+32c−104= 0,(c−2)(5c+26)= 0.\begin{align*} 4(2+2c)^2=&\,6(20+c^2),\\[4mm] 10c^2+32c-104=&\,0,\\[4mm] (c-2)(5c+26)=&\,0. \end{align*}

The roots are 22 and −26/5-26/5. Since c>0c>0, c=2\boxed{c=2}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

设垂足在直线上,利用连接向量与直线方向垂直求参数,再计算长度。

答题过程

展开

Let A=(6,−3,6)A=(6,-3,6) and let PP be the foot of the perpendicular on ll. Write

P=(3+λ,−2+λ,1+2λ).P=(3+\lambda,-2+\lambda,1+2\lambda).

Then

AP→=(−3+λ,1+λ,−5+2λ).\overrightarrow{AP}=(-3+\lambda,1+\lambda,-5+2\lambda).

Since AP→⊥(1,1,2)\overrightarrow{AP}\perp(1,1,2),

(−3+λ)+(1+λ)+2(−5+2λ)=0.(-3+\lambda)+(1+\lambda)+2(-5+2\lambda)=0.

Thus 6λ−12=06\lambda-12=0, giving λ=2\lambda=2. Therefore AP→=(−1,3,−1)\overrightarrow{AP}=(-1,3,-1) and

AP=(−1)2+32+(−1)2=11.\boxed{AP=\sqrt{(-1)^2+3^2+(-1)^2}=\sqrt{11}}.

解法二

思路

展开

把到直线上任意点的距离平方配成完全平方,最小值就是垂直距离的平方。

答题过程

展开

For P=(3+λ,−2+λ,1+2λ)P=(3+\lambda,-2+\lambda,1+2\lambda),

AP2= (λ−3)2+(λ+1)2 +(2λ−5)2= 6λ2−24λ+35= 6(λ−2)2+11.\begin{align*} AP^2 =&\,(\lambda-3)^2+(\lambda+1)^2\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+(2\lambda-5)^2\\[4mm] =&\,6\lambda^2-24\lambda+35\\[4mm] =&\,6(\lambda-2)^2+11. \end{align*}

Its minimum is 1111, attained at λ=2\lambda=2. Therefore the perpendicular distance is 11\boxed{\sqrt{11}}.

解法三

思路

展开

取直线上已知点 BB,用点积求 BA→\overrightarrow{BA} 沿直线方向的投影,再用勾股定理求垂直分量。

答题过程

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Let B=(3,−2,1)B=(3,-2,1), a point on ll. Then

BA→= (3,−1,5),∣BA→∣2= 35.\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{BA}=&\,(3,-1,5),\\[4mm] |\overrightarrow{BA}|^2=&\,35. \end{align*}

The line has direction d=(1,1,2)\mathbf d=(1,1,2), so

BA→⋅d=3−1+10=12,∣d∣2=6.\overrightarrow{BA}\cdot\mathbf d=3-1+10=12, \qquad |\mathbf d|^2=6.

The squared projection length onto ll is 122/6=2412^2/6=24. Thus the squared perpendicular distance is

d2=35−24=11,d^2=35-24=11,

giving d=11\boxed{d=\sqrt{11}}.