题目
Problem
Eddie has 16 toy cars, of which 8 are white, 5 are black and 3 are silver. He places all the cars in a bag and selects three of them at random, without replacement.
(a) Find the probability that all three cars are the same colour.
(3)
(b) Find the probability that, when the 3 cars are selected, at least one car is white and at least one car is black.
(4)
题目中文翻译
Eddie 有 16 辆玩具车,其中 8 辆是白色的,5 辆是黑色的,3 辆是银色的。他将所有玩具车放入一个袋子,从中随机不放回地抽取 3 辆。
(a) 求这 3 辆车颜色全部相同的概率。
(3)
(b) 求所抽取的 3 辆车中至少有一辆白色车且至少有一辆黑色车的概率。
(4)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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同色可以是全白、全黑、全银三种。分别从各颜色中选3,再除以全部3车选法。
答题过程
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There are (316)=560 equally likely selections. Hence
P(all same colour)===(316)(38)+(35)+(33)56056+10+156067.
解法二
思路
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也可以按不放回抽取次序,分别算白白白、黑黑黑、银银银三条路径。
答题过程
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P===168157146+165154143+1631521413360336+60+656067.
(b)
解法一
思路
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三车中至少一白一黑,颜色构成只有两白一黑、一白两黑、一白一黑一银。按三类组合数相加。
答题过程
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The permitted colour compositions are WWB, WBB and WBS. Thus
P===(316)(28)(15)+(18)(25)+(316)(18)(15)(13)560140+80+1202817.
解法二
思路
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另一条路线按有序抽取,前两种构成各有3种颜色次序,三色各一则有6种。
答题过程
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P===3168157145+3168155144+61681551433360840+480+7202817.