题目
Problem
A fair 8-sided dice with faces labelled 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 is thrown repeatedly.
(a) Find the probability that a 5 will be obtained for the first time on the 7th throw.
(1)
(b) Find the probability that a 5 will be obtained for the first time before the 10th throw.
(2)
(c) Find the probability that a 5 will be obtained at least once but no more than three times in 12 randomly chosen throws.
(3)
题目中文翻译
反复投掷一枚均匀的八面骰子,八个面分别标有 1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8。
(a) 求在第 7 次投掷时首次掷出 5 的概率。
(1)
(b) 求在第 10 次投掷之前首次掷出 5 的概率。
(2)
(c) 求在随机选取的 12 次投掷中,掷出 5 至少一次但不超过三次的概率。
(3)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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第7次首次出现5,表示前6次都不是5,第7次才出现5。各次投掷独立。
答题过程
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P(first 5 on throw 7)=≈(87)6810.0561(3 s.f.).
(b)
解法一
思路
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第10次之前即前9次内。用1减去前9次完全没有5的概率。
答题过程
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P(first 5 before throw 10)==≈1−(87)90.699342…0.699.
解法二
思路
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也可以按首次出现5的投掷次数分类,把第1次至第9次首次成功的概率相加。
答题过程
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Let T denote the throw on which the first 5 is obtained. Then
P(T<10)==≈k=1∑9(87)k−181811−7/81−(7/8)90.699(3 s.f.).
(c)
解法一
思路
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12次投掷中出现5的次数服从二项分布。至少一次但不超过三次,即把1、2、3次的概率相加。
答题过程
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Let X be the number of 5s in the 12 throws. Then X∼B(12,81).
P(1≤X≤3)==≈1281(87)11+66(81)2(87)10+220(81)3(87)90.745772…0.746.