题目
A game is played with an ordinary fair 6-sided die. A player throws the die once. If the result is 2, 3, 4 or 5, that result is the player’s score and the player does not throw the die again. If the result is 1 or 6, the player throws the die a second time and the player’s score is the sum of the two numbers from the two throws.
(a) Draw a fully labelled tree diagram to represent this information.
Events and are defined as follows.
: the player’s score is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9
: the player has two throws
(b) Show that .
(c) Determine whether or not events and are independent.
(d) Find .
题目中文翻译
用一枚普通的均匀六面骰子进行游戏。玩家先掷一次骰子。若结果为 2、3、4 或 5,该结果就是玩家的得分,玩家不再掷骰子。若结果为 1 或 6,玩家再掷一次骰子,其得分为两次掷出的数字之和。
(a) 画一幅标注完整的树状图表示这些信息。
事件 和 定义如下。
:玩家的得分为 5、6、7、8 或 9
:玩家掷了两次骰子
(b) 证明 。
(c) 判断事件 和 是否相互独立。
(d) 求 。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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第一层六条分支全为1/6;只有首次1或6的分支继续第二层六个结果,其余分支终止。
答题过程
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Draw six first-throw branches labelled , each with probability .
- For first results 2, 3, 4 or 5, terminate the branch with that score.
- For first results 1 and 6, draw six further branches labelled , each with conditional probability . Label the resulting score as the sum of the two throws.
(b)
解法一
思路
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逐个总分5至9识别合法路径,首次2至5不能再投,所以5另有直接首次5路径。
答题过程
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The required score probabilities are
| Score | Permitted outcomes | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| First throw 5, or | ||
Therefore
(c)
解法一
思路
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两投的概率由首次1或6得到,交集为(b)中六条两投路径,比较乘积与交集。
答题过程
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A second throw occurs precisely when the first throw is 1 or 6, so
From (b), six two-throw outcomes have scores in A. Hence
But
Therefore A and B are not independent.
(d)
解法一
思路
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B且非A可用B减去交集,分母为非A。
答题过程
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Thus