题目
Birgitte has a six-sided dice. She suspects that the dice is biased so that the probability, , that it will show a six on one throw is less than . She throws the dice times and finds that it shows a six on exactly throws.
(a) Use a binomial distribution with a significance level to test Birgitte’s suspicion.
Later, Birgitte carries out a similar test at the significance level, using another throws of the dice.
(b) Calculate the probability of a Type I error.
(c) Given that the value of is actually , calculate the probability of a Type II error.
题目中文翻译
Birgitte 有一枚六面骰子。她怀疑骰子不均匀,掷一次出现六点的概率 小于 。她掷了 次,发现恰有 次出现六点。
(a) 用二项分布在 的显著性水平下检验 Birgitte 的猜测。
后来,Birgitte 又掷了 次,并在 的显著性水平下进行类似的检验。
(b) 计算发生第一类错误的概率。
(c) 已知 的实际值为 ,计算发生第二类错误的概率。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
展开
怀疑出现六点的概率偏小,所以用左尾二项检验;把零、一、二次都纳入尾概率。
答题过程
展开
Let be the number of sixes in throws. Test
Under , . For the observed ,
Since , do not reject . There is insufficient evidence at the level that the probability of a six is less than , so Birgitte’s suspicion is not supported.
(b)
解法一
思路
展开
实际第一类错误概率来自可达到的整数拒绝域,不必恰等于名义的 ;结合(a)排除边界二,再检查边界一。
答题过程
展开
Under ,
Part (a) gives , so the critical region is . Therefore
(c)
解法一
思路
展开
真实概率变为 时,检验仍只在至多一次六点时拒绝。第二类错误为至少两次六点。
答题过程
展开
When , . A Type II error occurs when , so