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IAL 2020 June D1 Q5

A Level / Edexcel / D1

IAL 2020 June Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

A project is modelled by the activity network shown in Figure 3. The activities are represented by the arcs. The number in brackets on each arc gives the time, in days, to complete the corresponding activity. Each activity requires exactly one worker. The project is to be completed in the shortest possible time.

(a) Complete Diagram 1 in the answer book to show the early event times and the late event times.

(4)

(b) Calculate a lower bound for the number of workers needed to complete the project in the minimum time. You must show your working.

(2)

(c) Schedule the activities on Grid 1 in the answer book using the minimum number of workers so that the project is completed in the minimum time.

(4)

Additional resources become available, which can shorten the duration of one of activities D, G or P by one day.

(d) Determine which of these three activities should be shortened to allow the project to be completed in the minimum time. You must give reasons for your answer.

(2)
题目中文翻译

一个项目由图 3 所示的活动网络模拟。活动由弧表示。每条弧上的括号内的数字表示完成相应活动所需的时间(单位:天)。每项活动恰好需要一名工人。项目应在最短时间内完成。

(a) 在答案本中完成图 1,显示最早事件时间和最迟事件时间。

(b) 计算在最短时间内完成项目所需的工人数量的下界。必须展示计算过程。

(c) 在答案本的网格 1 上使用最少数量的工人安排活动,使项目在最短时间内完成。

额外资源变得可用,可以将活动 D、G 或 P 中的一个的持续时间缩短一天。

(d) 确定应缩短这三个活动中的哪一个以允许项目在最短时间内完成。必须给出理由。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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先按箭头方向做 forward pass,在每个汇合事件取所有进入路线完成时间的最大值,得到最早完成时间 33。再从终点 33 反向做 backward pass,在每个分支事件取允许时间的最小值。虚活动工期为 0,但其优先关系仍须计入。

答题过程

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The completed event times are:

Event positionEarly event timeLate event time
Start0000
End of AA7777
End of CC551010
End of B,E,FB,E,F10101212
End of G,HG,H14141616
End of D,ID,I19191919
End of KK and dummy from D,ID,I19191919
End of J,LJ,L24242424
End of MM31313333
Finish after N,PN,P33333333

Thus the minimum project completion time is

33 days.\boxed{33\text{ days}}.

The completed network is:

(b)

解法一

思路

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每项活动需要一名工人,所以先把所有活动的持续时间相加得到总工作量,再除以必须完成项目的 33 天。工人数必须为整数,因此结果向上取整。

答题过程

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The total amount of work is

7+8+5+12+3+2+3+4+3+5+2+3+7+9+14=87 worker-days.\begin{aligned} &\,7+8+5+12+3+2+3+4 \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+3+5+2+3+7+9+14 \\ =&\,87\text{ worker-days}. \end{aligned}

Therefore the lower bound is

8733=2.6363\frac{87}{33}=2.6363\ldots

and hence at least

3 workers\boxed{3\text{ workers}}

are required.

(c)

解法一

思路

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先把关键活动安排在不延误项目的时间上,再将其余活动分配给三名工人。每项活动的开始时间必须不早于所有紧前活动的完成时间,同一名工人的活动不能重叠。下面的排程恰好使用 3 名工人并在第 33 天完成,因此达到 (b) 的下界。

答题过程

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One valid schedule is:

WorkerActivity schedule
1A:0-7A:0\text{-}7, D:7-19D:7\text{-}19, J:19-24J:19\text{-}24, N:24-33N:24\text{-}33
2B:0-8B:0\text{-}8, E:8-11E:8\text{-}11, H:11-15H:11\text{-}15, I:15-18I:15\text{-}18, P:19-33P:19\text{-}33
3C:0-5C:0\text{-}5, F:5-7F:5\text{-}7, G:7-10G:7\text{-}10, K:15-17K:15\text{-}17, L:19-22L:19\text{-}22, M:24-31M:24\text{-}31

All 1515 activities appear exactly once. Every activity starts after all of its immediate predecessors have finished, and no worker is assigned overlapping activities.

The project therefore finishes at time 3333 using the minimum of three workers. The corresponding schedule is:

(d)

解法一

思路

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先判断三个候选活动的关键性。GG 有 8 天总浮时,缩短它不会改变工期。DDPP 都是关键活动,但项目有两条长度 33 的关键路径;DD 同时位于两条路径上,而 PP 只位于其中一条,因此只有缩短 DD 才能同时缩短所有关键路径。

答题过程

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Activity GG is not critical. Its total float is

1653=8 days,16-5-3=8\text{ days},

so reducing its duration does not reduce the project completion time.

Activities DD and PP are critical. However, one critical path is

ADJN,A-D-J-N,

with length

7+12+5+9=33,7+12+5+9=33,

while the other critical path is ADPA-D-P, also of length 3333. Reducing PP would leave the path ADJNA-D-J-N unchanged at 3333 days.

Activity DD lies on both critical paths, so it is the activity that should be shortened:

D.\boxed{D}.