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IAL 2021 Oct D1 Q7

A Level / Edexcel / D1

IAL 2021 Oct Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

The numbers listed below are to be packed into bins of size nn, where nn is a positive integer.

142023171522192513283214 \quad 20 \quad 23 \quad 17 \quad 15 \quad 22 \quad 19 \quad 25 \quad 13 \quad 28 \quad 32

A lower bound for the number of bins required is 4.

(a) Determine the range of possible values of nn. You must make your method clear.

(3)

(b) Carry out a quick sort to produce a list of the numbers in descending order. You should show the result of each pass and identify your pivots clearly.

(4)

When the first-fit bin packing algorithm is applied to the original list of numbers, the following allocation is achieved.

Bin 1: 1420231514 \quad 20 \quad 23 \quad 15

Bin 2: 1722191317 \quad 22 \quad 19 \quad 13

Bin 3: 252825 \quad 28

Bin 4: 3232

When the first-fit decreasing bin packing algorithm is applied to the sorted list of numbers, the following allocation is achieved.

Bin 1: 322832 \quad 28

Bin 2: 25232225 \quad 23 \quad 22

Bin 3: 2019171520 \quad 19 \quad 17 \quad 15

Bin 4: 141314 \quad 13

(c) Determine the value of nn. You must explain your reasoning fully.

(3)
题目中文翻译

下面列出的数字要装入大小为 nn 的箱子中,其中 nn 是正整数。

142023171522192513283214 \quad 20 \quad 23 \quad 17 \quad 15 \quad 22 \quad 19 \quad 25 \quad 13 \quad 28 \quad 32

所需箱子数量的下界为 4。

(a) 确定 nn 的可能取值范围。必须清楚说明方法。

(b) 执行快速排序以产生降序的数字列表。应显示每次传递的结果并清楚地标出枢轴。

当对原始数字列表应用首次适应装箱算法时,获得以下分配。

箱 1:1420231514 \quad 20 \quad 23 \quad 15

箱 2:1722191317 \quad 22 \quad 19 \quad 13

箱 3:252825 \quad 28

箱 4:3232

当对排序后的数字列表应用首次适应递减装箱算法时,获得以下分配。

箱 1:322832 \quad 28

箱 2:25232225 \quad 23 \quad 22

箱 3:2019171520 \quad 19 \quad 17 \quad 15

箱 4:141314 \quad 13

(c) 确定 nn 的值。必须完全解释推理过程。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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所有数的总和为 228。箱数下界为 4,表示总重量除以箱子容量后大于 3 且不超过 4。利用 n>0n>0 解这个双重不等式,再结合 nn 是正整数写出范围。

答题过程

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The total of the numbers is 228228. Since the lower bound is 44,

3<228n4.3<\frac{228}{n}\leq4.

As n>0n>0,

3n<228and2284n.3n<228 \quad\text{and}\quad 228\leq4n.

Therefore

n<76andn57.n<76 \quad\text{and}\quad n\geq57.

Since nn is an integer,

57n75.\boxed{57\leq n\leq75}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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采用 middle-right 规则选枢轴,并按降序排列:大于枢轴的数放在左侧,小于枢轴的数放在右侧。对每个尚未排好的子列表继续使用相同规则;竖线表示枢轴已经固定。

答题过程

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Using middle-right pivots, the initial pivot is 2222.

23,25,28,322214,20,17,15,19,1323,25,28,32\mid22\mid14,20,17,15,19,13

Using pivots 2828 and 1515 gives

322823,252220,17,191514,13.32\mid28\mid23,25\mid22\mid20,17,19\mid15\mid14,13.

Using pivots 2525, 1717 and 1313 gives

322825232220,1917151413.32\mid28\mid25\mid23\mid22\mid20,19\mid17\mid15\mid14\mid13.

Finally, using pivot 1919 gives

32,28,25,23,22,20,19,17,15,14,13.\boxed{32,28,25,23,22,20,19,17,15,14,13}.

解法二

思路

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也可以一致地采用 middle-left 规则。第一次仍以 22 为枢轴;之后各子列表的枢轴选择会不同,但最终降序列表不变。

答题过程

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Using middle-left pivots, the initial pivot is 2222.

23,25,28,322214,20,17,15,19,1323,25,28,32\mid22\mid14,20,17,15,19,13

Using pivots 2525 and 1717 gives

28,3225232220,191714,15,13.28,32\mid25\mid23\mid22\mid20,19\mid17\mid14,15,13.

Using pivots 2828, 2020 and 1515 gives

32282523222019171514,13.32\mid28\mid25\mid23\mid22\mid20\mid19\mid17\mid15\mid14,13.

Finally, using pivot 1414 gives

32,28,25,23,22,20,19,17,15,14,13.\boxed{32,28,25,23,22,20,19,17,15,14,13}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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先用 first-fit 的 Bin 1 得到容量只能是 72 或 73:其中已有数的总和为 72,而先前尝试放入的 17 会令总和达到 74,所以它放不下。再看 first-fit decreasing 的 Bin 1,若容量是 73,最后的 13 应能与 32、28 同箱;实际没有放入,因此容量小于 73。两项条件合起来唯一可能是 72。

答题过程

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In the first-fit packing, Bin 1 contains

14+20+23+15=72,14+20+23+15=72,

so n72n\geq72. The value 1717 was considered before 1515 but did not fit in Bin 1, and

14+20+23+17=74.14+20+23+17=74.

Hence n<74n<74. Since nn is an integer,

n{72,73}.n\in\{72,73\}.

In the first-fit decreasing packing, Bin 1 contains 3232 and 2828, but the later value 1313 does not fit there. Therefore

32+28+13=73>n,32+28+13=73>n,

so n<73n<73. Combining the conditions,

n=72.\boxed{n=72}.