题目
A company makes three types of storage container, small, medium and large.
The company owner knows that each week she should make
- at least 40 containers in total
- at least twice as many large containers as medium containers
- at most 60% small containers
Each small container requires 1 hour to make, each medium container requires 1.5 hours to make, and each large container requires 2.5 hours to make. The company has a total of 75 hours per week available to make all the containers.
Each small container costs £9 to make, each medium container costs £12 to make and each large container costs £16 to make.
The company owner wants to minimise her total cost.
Let represent the number of small containers made, represent the number of medium containers made, represent the number of large containers made.
(a) Formulate this information as a linear programming problem. State the objective and list the constraints as simplified inequalities with integer coefficients.
The company owner now decides to make exactly 45 containers.
(b) Explain why the minimum total cost is achieved when is maximised.
The requirement to make exactly 45 containers reduces the constraints of the problem to the following:
(c) Represent these constraints on Diagram 1 in the answer book. Hence determine, and label, the feasible region, .
(d) Use the objective line method to find the optimal vertex, , of the feasible region. You must make your objective line clear and label .
(e) Write down the number of each type of container the company should make. Calculate the corresponding total cost.
题目中文翻译
一家公司生产三种类型的储存容器:小型、中型和大型。
公司所有者知道每周应该生产
- 总共至少 40 个容器
- 大型容器至少是中型容器的两倍
- 小型容器最多 60%
每个小型容器需要 1 小时制作,每个中型容器需要 1.5 小时,每个大型容器需要 2.5 小时。公司每周总共有 75 小时可用于制作所有容器。
每个小型容器成本为 £9,每个中型容器成本为 £12,每个大型容器成本为 £16。
公司所有者希望最小化总成本。
设 表示制作的小型容器数量, 表示制作的中型容器数量, 表示制作的大型容器数量。
(a) 将此信息表述为线性规划问题。说明目标并列出简化为整数系数不等式的约束条件。
公司所有者现在决定恰好制作 45 个容器。
(b) 解释为什么最小化总成本等价于最大化 。
恰好制作 45 个容器的要求将问题的约束条件简化为以下内容:
(c) 在答案本的图 1 上表示这些约束条件。由此确定并标注可行域 。
(d) 使用目标线法找到可行域的最优顶点 。必须清楚标出目标线并标注 。
(e) 写出公司应该制作的每种容器的数量。计算相应的总成本。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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把“希望总成本最低”写成目标函数,再逐句翻译四类限制:总产量下限、大型与中型的数量关系、小型所占比例上限,以及总工时上限。题目要求约束具有整数系数,因此含 、 和 的式子还要化简。
答题过程
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Minimise
subject to
and, since at most of the containers are small,
This simplifies to
The time constraint is
or, using integer coefficients,
Also,
(b)
解法一
思路
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恰好生产 45 个容器给出 ,所以可用 消去 。代入成本函数后,常数项不影响最优点;最小化所得负表达式,等价于最大化对应的正表达式。
答题过程
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Since exactly 45 containers are made,
Substituting this into the cost function gives
Since 720 is constant, minimising is equivalent to making the quantity subtracted from 720 as large as possible. Therefore the minimum total cost is achieved when
(c)
解法一
思路
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先画两条斜边界 与 ,再画竖直边界 和坐标轴。根据不等号选择 的下方、 的上方、 的左方以及第一象限;这些半平面的交集就是可行域。
答题过程
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The boundary line
passes through and , while
passes through and .
The two sloping boundaries intersect where
which gives
The feasible region is the quadrilateral with vertices
(d)
解法一
思路
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画一条形如 的目标线,并保持斜率 不变,向使 增大的方向平移。目标线最后接触可行域的位置就是最大值所在顶点。
答题过程
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For example, draw the objective line
which has gradient . Moving this line parallel to itself in the direction of increasing , its final point of contact with is
(e)
解法一
思路
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由最优顶点得到小型和中型容器数量,再利用总数恰为 45 求大型容器数量。最后代回原成本函数,而不是代入已变形的最大化目标式。
答题过程
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At , and . Hence
Therefore the company should make
The corresponding total cost is