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IAL 2023 Jan D1 Q2

A Level / Edexcel / D1

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

Figure 1 represents a network of roads. The number on each edge represents the length, in miles, of the corresponding road. Jan wishes to travel from A to J. She wishes to minimise the distance she travels.

[The total weight of the network is 193]

(a) Use Dijkstra’s algorithm to find the shortest path from A to J. Obtain the shortest path and state its length.

(6)

On Monday, Jan needs to travel from her gym at J to her home at H via her office at A.

(b) State the shortest path from J to H via A and its length.

(2)

On Tuesday, Jan needs to check each road. She must travel along each road at least once. Jan must start and finish at A.

(c) Use the route inspection algorithm to find the length of the shortest inspection route. State the roads that should be repeated. You should make your method and working clear.

(5)

On Wednesday, Jan decides to start her inspection route at G but can finish her route at a different node. The inspection route must still traverse each road at least once.

(d) Determine where the route should finish so that the length of the inspection route is minimised. You must give reasons for your answer and state the length of the route.

(3)
题目中文翻译

图 1 表示一个道路网络。每条边上的数字表示对应道路的长度(单位:英里)。Jan 希望从 A 到 J。她希望最小化旅行距离。

[网络总权重为 193]

(a) 使用 Dijkstra 算法找到从 A 到 J 的最短路径。获得最短路径并写出其长度。

周一,Jan 需要从健身房 J 经过办公室 A 回到家 H。

(b) 写出从 J 经过 A 到 H 的最短路径及其长度。

周二,Jan 需要检查每条道路。她必须每条道路至少经过一次。Jan 必须从 A 出发并回到 A。

(c) 使用路线检查算法找到最短检查路线的长度。写出应该重复的道路。必须清楚说明方法和计算过程。

周三,Jan 决定从 G 开始检查路线,但可以在不同的节点结束。检查路线仍然必须每条道路至少经过一次。

(d) 确定路线应该在哪里结束以使检查路线长度最短。必须给出理由并写出路线长度。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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从 A 的暂定距离 0 开始,每次永久标记暂定距离最小的顶点,再用它更新所有相邻且未永久标记的顶点。必须按产生顺序保留被更小数值替代的 working values,最后由 J 反向追踪产生其最终值的顶点。

答题过程

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Dijkstra’s algorithm gives the following labels. The working values in each row are listed in the order in which they arise.

VertexOrder of labellingFinal valueWorking values
A10-
B244
C377
D488, 14
E51517, 15
H62021, 20
G72424
F82730, 29, 28, 27
J92834, 31, 29, 28

For example, the successive working values at FF are

0+30=30,8+21=29,20+8=28,24+3=27.0+30=30,\quad 8+21=29,\quad 20+8=28,\quad 24+3=27.

The completed labelling diagram is:

Tracing predecessors back from JJ gives

JFGDA.J\mathbin{-}F\mathbin{-}G\mathbin{-}D\mathbin{-}A.

Therefore, from AA to JJ, the shortest path and its length are

ADGFJ,\boxed{A\mathbin{-}D\mathbin{-}G\mathbin{-}F\mathbin{-}J}, 8+16+3+1=28 miles.8+16+3+1=\boxed{28\text{ miles}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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由 (a),J 到 A 的最短路是所得路线的反向,长度为 28。再从 Dijkstra 标号中读取 A 到 H 的最短路 A—B—C—E—H,长度为 20;两段在 A 连接。

答题过程

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The required route is

JFGDABCEH.\boxed{J\mathbin{-}F\mathbin{-}G\mathbin{-}D\mathbin{-}A \mathbin{-}B\mathbin{-}C\mathbin{-}E\mathbin{-}H}.

Its length is

28+(4+3+8+5)=28+20=48 miles.28+(4+3+8+5)=28+20=\boxed{48\text{ miles}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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先找出次数为奇数的顶点 A、E、F、G。闭合检查路线需要把四个奇点两两配对,并重复连接每一对的最短路径;必须比较全部三种配对,选择新增长度最小的一种。

答题过程

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The odd vertices are AA, EE, FF and GG. The three possible pairings are:

PairingShortest connecting pathsAdded length
AEAE and FGFGABCEA-B-C-E and FGF-G15+3=1815+3=18
AFAF and EGEGADGFA-D-G-F and EHFGE-H-F-G27+16=4327+16=43
AGAG and EFEFADGA-D-G and EHFE-H-F24+13=3724+13=37

The least added length is 18, so the arcs

AB, BC, CE and FG\boxed{AB,\ BC,\ CE\text{ and }FG}

should be repeated. Hence the shortest inspection route has length

193+18=211 miles.193+18=\boxed{211\text{ miles}}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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开放检查路线的起点和终点必须是奇点。指定从 G 出发后,只需在其余奇点 A、E、F 中选一对用最短路径连接;未被配对的奇点就是终点。三种可能中,连接 E 与 F 且不经过 G 的最短路径 E—H—F 长 13,因此终点为 A。

答题过程

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With GG fixed as one endpoint, compare shortest paths joining two of the remaining odd vertices AA, EE and FF without using GG.

The least is the path

EHF,5+8=13.E\mathbin{-}H\mathbin{-}F,\qquad 5+8=13.

Repeating EHEH and HFHF leaves GG and AA as the two odd vertices. Therefore the route should finish at

A,\boxed{A},

and its minimum length is

193+13=206 miles.193+13=\boxed{206\text{ miles}}.