题目
A project is modelled by the activity network shown in Figure 1. The activities are represented by the arcs. The number in brackets on each arc gives the time, in days, to complete the activity. Each activity requires exactly one worker. The project is to be completed in the shortest possible time.
(a) Complete Diagram 1 in the answer book to show the early event times and the late event times.
(b) Calculate the maximum number of days by which activity H could be delayed without lengthening the completion time of the project. You must make the numbers used in your calculation clear.
(c) Calculate a lower bound for the number of workers needed to complete the project in the minimum time. You must show your working.
(d) Schedule the activities on Grid 1 in the answer book, using the minimum number of workers, so that the project is completed in the minimum time.
题目中文翻译
一个项目由图 1 所示的活动网络模拟。活动由弧表示。每条弧上的括号内的数字表示完成活动所需的时间(单位:天)。每项活动恰好需要一名工人。项目应在最短时间内完成。
(a) 在答案本中完成图 1,显示最早事件时间和最迟事件时间。
(b) 计算活动 H 在不延长项目完成时间的情况下可以延迟的最大天数。必须清楚说明计算中使用的数字。
(c) 计算在最短时间内完成项目所需的工人数量的下界。必须展示计算过程。
(d) 在答案本的网格 1 上安排活动,使用最少数量的工人,使项目在最短时间内完成。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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前推时,从开始事件的 0 出发,每个事件的最早时间取所有进入路线完成时间的最大值;后推时,从项目完成时间 33 出发,每个事件的最迟时间取所有离开路线允许开始时间的最小值。持续时间为 0 的虚活动也必须计入事件之间的约束。
答题过程
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A forward pass and a backward pass give the following event times.
| Event position | Early time | Late time |
|---|---|---|
| Start | 0 | 0 |
| After B | 7 | 7 |
| Merge after A and D | 11 | 11 |
| Merge after C and G | 9 | 16 |
| Merge before I and J | 16 | 16 |
| Merge after H and J | 23 | 23 |
| Merge after I and K | 28 | 30 |
| After L | 27 | 27 |
| Merge after M and Q | 32 | 33 |
| Finish | 33 | 33 |
For example, the early time at the event before I and J is
The completed event-time diagram is:
(b)
解法一
思路
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活动 H 可延迟的最大天数就是其总时差。用终点事件最迟时间减去起点事件最早时间,再减去 H 的持续时间;必须清楚写出三个数。
答题过程
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The total float of activity H is
(c)
解法一
思路
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每项活动需要一名工人,因此先把全部 16 项活动的持续时间相加,得到总工作量。将总工作量除以最短项目工期 33 天,并向上取整,即得工人数的下界。
答题过程
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The total number of worker-days is
Therefore
so a lower bound for the number of workers is
(d)
解法一
思路
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下界 3 未必能实现。第 23 天后必须完成 K、L、M、N、P、Q,总工作量超过三名工人在剩余 10 天内的容量,因此至少需要 4 人。再按紧前关系安排活动,并移动非关键活动来降低并发数,即可构造一个四人排程。
答题过程
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Activities K, L, M, N, P and Q must all be completed between times 23 and 33. Their total duration is
However, three workers can provide only
in this interval. Therefore at least four workers are required.
One valid four-worker schedule is:
| Worker | Activities and time intervals |
|---|---|
| 1 | B: 0—7; D: 7—11; E: 11—16; J: 16—23; L: 23—27; P: 27—33 |
| 2 | A: 0—5; F: 7—13; I: 16—18; K: 23—28; N: 28—31 |
| 3 | C: 0—6; G: 7—9; H: 9—13; M: 23—31 |
| 4 | Q: 27—32 |
All precedence conditions are satisfied, and the project finishes at time 33. The completed schedule is:
Hence the minimum number of workers required is