Skip to content
CalcGospel 國際數學圖譜
返回

IAL 2023 June D1 Q6

A Level / Edexcel / D1

IAL 2023 June Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

Figure 3 represents a network of roads between nine parks, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and J. The number on each edge represents the length, in miles, of the corresponding road.

[The total weight of the network is 315]

(a) (i) Use Dijkstra’s algorithm to find the shortest path from A to J.

(ii) State the length of the shortest path from A to J.

(6)

The roads between the parks need to be inspected. Robin must travel along each road at least once. Robin wishes to minimise the length of the inspection route. Robin will start the inspection route at C and finish at E.

(b) By considering the pairings of all relevant nodes, find the length of Robin’s route.

(4)

(c) State the number of times Robin will pass through G.

(1)

It is now decided to start and finish the inspection route at A. Robin must still minimise the length of the route and travel along each road at least once.

(d) Calculate the difference between the lengths of the two inspection routes.

(1)

(e) State the edges that need to be traversed twice in the route that starts and finishes at A, but do not need to be traversed twice in the route that starts at C and finishes at E.

(1)
题目中文翻译

图 3 表示九个公园 A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H 和 J 之间的道路网络。每条边上的数字表示对应道路的长度(单位:英里)。

[网络总权重为 315]

(a) (i) 使用 Dijkstra 算法找到从 A 到 J 的最短路径。

(ii) 写出从 A 到 J 的最短路径长度。

公园之间的道路需要被检查。Robin 必须每条道路至少经过一次。Robin 希望最小化检查路线的长度。Robin 将从 C 开始检查路线,在 E 结束。

(b) 通过考虑所有相关节点的配对,找到 Robin 路线的长度。

(c) 写出 Robin 经过 G 的次数。

现在决定从 A 开始并结束检查路线。Robin 仍然必须最小化路线长度并每条道路至少经过一次。

(d) 计算两条检查路线长度之间的差值。

(e) 写出在从 A 开始并结束的路线中需要经过两次,但在从 C 开始到 E 结束的路线中不需要经过两次的边。

解答

(a)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

从 A 开始执行 Dijkstra 算法。每次永久标记当前最小的暂定值,并按节点永久标记的先后顺序记录工作值。最后从 J 反向追溯产生最小值的前驱节点,即可得到最短路径。

答题过程

展开

Applying Dijkstra’s algorithm from A gives:

VertexOrder of final labellingFinal valueWorking values, in order
A100
B21111
D31313
C42125, 23, 21
F53140, 35, 31
E63638, 36
H74242
G84447, 46, 44
J96771, 69, 67

The completed labelling diagram is:

Tracing predecessors back from J gives

JGHEFCDA.J\leftarrow G\leftarrow H\leftarrow E \leftarrow F\leftarrow C\leftarrow D\leftarrow A.

Hence the shortest path from A to J is

A–D–C–F–E–H–G–J.\boxed{\text{A--D--C--F--E--H--G--J}}.

(a)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

J 的最终标号就是从 A 到 J 的最短距离;也可以把 (a)(i) 所得路径上的边长相加核对。

答题过程

展开

The length of the shortest path is

13+8+10+5+6+2+23=67 miles.13+8+10+5+6+2+23 =\boxed{67\text{ miles}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

原网络的奇度节点为 A、J。开放巡检路线指定从 C 出发、到 E 结束,因此增补边后奇度节点必须改为 C、E。于是要对 A、C、E、J 作三种不同配对,比较每组最短路径总长,并选最小者加到网络总权重 315 上。

答题过程

展开

The three possible pairings of A, C, E and J are:

PairingShortest paths usedTotal added length
AC and EJA—D—C; E—H—G—J21+31=5221+31=52
AE and CJA—D—C—F—E; C—F—E—H—G—J36+46=8236+46=82
AJ and CEA—D—C—F—E—H—G—J; C—F—E67+15=8267+15=82

The minimum additional length is therefore 5252 miles. Hence Robin’s shortest route has length

315+52=367 miles.315+52=\boxed{367\text{ miles}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

最优增补路线重复 E—H—G—J,所以与 G 相连的 GH、GJ 各多走一次。G 原本度数为 4,增补后度数为 6;G 不是起点或终点,因此巡检路线每次进入后都要离开,经过次数为 6÷26\div2

答题过程

展开

In the optimal route, edges GH and GJ are each repeated. Thus the degree of G in the augmented network is

4+2=6.4+2=6.

Therefore Robin passes through G

62=3 times.\frac{6}{2}=\boxed{3\text{ times}}.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

若改为从 A 出发并回到 A,就必须把原网络的两个奇度节点 A、J 配成一对,因此要重复它们之间长 67 的最短路径。两种路线都包含原网络总权重 315,所以只需比较各自增加的 67 与 52。

答题过程

展开

For a closed route, the shortest A—J path of length 6767 miles must be repeated. The difference between the two inspection-route lengths is therefore

(315+67)(315+52)=6752=15 miles.(315+67)-(315+52) =67-52 =\boxed{15\text{ miles}}.

(e)

解法一

思路

展开

闭合路线重复的 A—J 最短路径为 A—D—C—F—E—H—G—J;开放路线已经重复 A—D—C 与 E—H—G—J。比较两者,只有中间的 CF、FE 是闭合路线额外需要重复的边。

答题过程

展开

The closed route repeats

A–D–C–F–E–H–G–J,\text{A--D--C--F--E--H--G--J},

whereas the route from C to E repeats A—D—C and E—H—G—J. Therefore the required edges are

CF and EF.\boxed{\text{CF and EF}}.