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IAL 2019 May FP1 Q1

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2019 May Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

  1. f(x)=5+4x243x372xx>0f(x) = 5 + 4x^2 - \dfrac{4}{3}x^3 - \dfrac{7}{2x} \quad x > 0

(a) Find f(x)f'(x).

(2)

A root α\alpha of the equation f(x)=0f(x) = 0 lies in the interval [0.5,0.6][0.5, 0.6].

(b) Using 0.50.5 as a first approximation to α\alpha, apply the Newton-Raphson process once to f(x)f(x) to find a second approximation to α\alpha. Give your answer to 3 decimal places.

(3)

(c) Show that the equation f(x)=0f(x) = 0 has a root β\beta in the interval [3,3.5][3, 3.5].

(2)

(d) Use linear interpolation once on the interval [3,3.5][3, 3.5] to find an approximation to β\beta. Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

(3)
题目中文翻译
  1. f(x)=5+4x243x372xx>0f(x) = 5 + 4x^2 - \dfrac{4}{3}x^3 - \dfrac{7}{2x} \quad x > 0

(a) 求 f(x)f'(x)

方程 f(x)=0f(x) = 0 的一个根 α\alpha 在区间 [0.5,0.6][0.5, 0.6] 内。

(b) 取 0.50.5 作为 α\alpha 的第一个近似值,对 f(x)f(x) 应用一次 Newton-Raphson 法,求 α\alpha 的第二个近似值。答案保留 3 位小数。

(c) 证明方程 f(x)=0f(x) = 0 在区间 [3,3.5][3, 3.5] 内有一个根 β\beta

(d) 在区间 [3,3.5][3, 3.5] 上使用一次线性插值,求 β\beta 的近似值。答案保留 2 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

先把分式项写成幂的形式 72x1-\frac72x^{-1},再逐项求导。特别注意,x1x^{-1} 求导后会产生负号,与原来的负号相消。

答题过程

展开

Write

f(x)=5+4x243x372x1.f(x)=5+4x^2-\frac43x^3-\frac72x^{-1}.

Differentiating term by term,

f(x)=8x4x2+72x2.\boxed{f'(x)=8x-4x^2+\frac72x^{-2}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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使用 Newton-Raphson 迭代公式 xn+1=xnf(xn)f(xn)x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)},并严格只从 x1=0.5x_1=0.5 迭代一次。

答题过程

展开

At x=0.5x=0.5,

f(0.5)=76f(0.5)=-\frac76

and

f(0.5)=17.f'(0.5)=17.

Using one Newton-Raphson iteration,

x2=x1f(x1)f(x1)=0.57617=0.568627\begin{align*} x_2 =&\,x_1-\frac{f(x_1)}{f'(x_1)} \\ =&\,0.5-\frac{-\frac76}{17} \\ =&\,0.568627\ldots \end{align*}

Therefore, the second approximation is

α=0.569\boxed{\alpha=0.569}

to 33 decimal places.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

分别计算区间两端的函数值。由于 ffx>0x>0 上连续,而两端函数值异号,可由介值定理判断区间内存在根。

答题过程

展开 f(3)=236>0f(3)=\frac{23}{6}>0

and

f(3.5)=256<0.f(3.5)=-\frac{25}{6}<0.

Since ff is continuous for x>0x>0 and there is a change of sign between x=3x=3 and x=3.5x=3.5, the equation f(x)=0f(x)=0 has a root β\beta in the interval

[3,3.5].\boxed{[3,3.5]}.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

承接 (c),把端点到零点的水平距离按两端函数值的绝对值成比例分配。根离 x=3x=3 的距离等于区间长度乘以 f(3)|f(3)| 在两个绝对函数值之和中的占比。

答题过程

展开

Using the values from part (c), linear interpolation gives

β=3+f(3)f(3)+f(3.5)(3.53)=3+236236+256(0.5)=3.239583\begin{align*} \beta =&\,3+ \frac{|f(3)|}{|f(3)|+|f(3.5)|}(3.5-3) \\ =&\,3+ \frac{\frac{23}{6}} {\frac{23}{6}+\frac{25}{6}}(0.5) \\ =&\,3.239583\ldots \end{align*}

Hence

β=3.24\boxed{\beta=3.24}

to 22 decimal places.

解法二

思路

展开

官方也接受写出连接 (3,f(3))(3,f(3))(3.5,f(3.5))(3.5,f(3.5)) 的割线方程,再令割线上的 y=0y=0。所得横坐标就是一次线性插值的结果。

答题过程

展开

The gradient of the line joining the two points is

m=2562363.53=16.\begin{align*} m =&\,\frac{-\frac{25}{6}-\frac{23}{6}}{3.5-3} \\ =&\,-16. \end{align*}

Hence the secant line through (3,236)\big(3,\frac{23}{6}\big) is

y236=16(x3).y-\frac{23}{6}=-16(x-3).

At the interpolated root, y=0y=0, so

236=16(x3),x=3+2396=3.239583\begin{align*} -\frac{23}{6}=&\,-16(x-3), \\ x=&\,3+\frac{23}{96} \\ =&\,3.239583\ldots \end{align*}

Therefore,

β=3.24\boxed{\beta=3.24}

to 22 decimal places.