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FP1 2019 May Q9

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2019 May Paper · Question 9

题目

Problem

9.

The parabola CC has cartesian equation y2=4axy^2 = 4ax, where aa is a positive constant.

The point P(ap2,2ap)P(ap^2, 2ap) lies on CC.

The line ll is the normal to CC at the point PP.

The line ll passes through the point BB with coordinates (10a,0)(10a, 0).

Given that p>0p > 0

(a) use calculus to find, in terms of aa only, the coordinates of PP.

(7)

The point SS is the focus of the parabola CC.

(b) Find, in terms of aa, the exact area of triangle SBPSBP.

(2)

A circle has equation

 (x−10a)2+y2= 9a24\begin{align*} &\,(x-10a)^2+y^2\\ =&\,\frac{9a^2}{4} \end{align*}

Given that the line ll cuts this circle at the point RR, where y>0y > 0

(c) find, in terms of aa, the distance PRPR.

(3)
题目中文翻译

9.

抛物线 CC 的直角坐标方程为 y2=4axy^2 = 4ax,其中 aa 是一个正常数。

点 P(ap2,2ap)P(ap^2, 2ap) 在 CC 上。

直线 ll 是 CC 在点 PP 处的法线。

直线 ll 经过坐标为 (10a,0)(10a, 0) 的点 BB。

已知 p>0p > 0

(a) 用微积分方法,仅用 aa 表示,求点 PP 的坐标。

(7)

点 SS 是抛物线 CC 的焦点。

(b) 用 aa 表示,求三角形 SBPSBP 的精确面积。

(2)

一个圆的方程为

 (x−10a)2+y2= 9a24\begin{align*} &\,(x-10a)^2+y^2\\ =&\,\frac{9a^2}{4} \end{align*}

已知直线 ll 与该圆相交于点 RR,其中 y>0y > 0

(c) 用 aa 表示,求距离 PRPR。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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对抛物线方程隐式求导,得到点 PP 处的切线斜率,再取负倒数求法线斜率。法线同时经过 PP 与 BB,利用点斜式求出参数 pp;最后代回 PP 的参数坐标。

答题过程

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Differentiating y2=4axy^2=4ax implicitly gives

2ydydx=4a,2y\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=4a,

so

dydx=2ay.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=\frac{2a}{y}.

At P(ap2,2ap)P(ap^2,2ap), the gradient of the tangent is

2a2ap=1p.\frac{2a}{2ap}=\frac{1}{p}.

Therefore, the gradient of the normal is −p-p. Since the normal passes through PP and B(10a,0)B(10a,0),

0−2ap=−p(10a−ap2).0-2ap=-p(10a-ap^2).

As p>0p>0, we may divide by −p-p, giving

2a=10a−ap2.2a=10a-ap^2.

Since a>0a>0,

p2=8.p^2=8.

The condition p>0p>0 gives

p=22.p=2\sqrt{2}.

Hence

xP= ap2=8a,yP= 2ap=42 a.\begin{align*} x_P =&\,ap^2=8a, \\ y_P =&\,2ap=4\sqrt{2}\,a. \end{align*}

Therefore,

P=(8a,42 a).\boxed{P=(8a,4\sqrt{2}\,a)}.

解法二

思路

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把抛物线写成参数形式,用两个参数导数的比值得到切线斜率;再直接比较 BPBP 的斜率与法线斜率。

答题过程

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Write the parabola parametrically as

x=at2,y=2at.x=at^2,\qquad y=2at.

Then

dxdt= 2at,dydt= 2a.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=&\,2at,\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t}=&\,2a. \end{align*}

At t=p>0t=p>0,

dydx=2a2ap=1p.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =\frac{2a}{2ap}=\frac1p.

Thus the normal gradient is −p-p. Its gradient is finite, so PP cannot have the same xx-coordinate as BB. Using the coordinates of BB and PP,

2apap2−10a=−p.\frac{2ap}{ap^2-10a}=-p.

Since a>0a>0 and p>0p>0, this gives

2ap= −ap(p2−10),2= 10−p2,p2= 8,p= 22.\begin{align*} 2ap=&\,-ap(p^2-10),\\ 2=&\,10-p^2,\\ p^2=&\,8,\\ p=&\,2\sqrt2. \end{align*}

Substituting into the coordinates of PP,

xP= 8a,yP= 42 a.\begin{align*} x_P=&\,8a,\\ y_P=&\,4\sqrt2\,a. \end{align*}

Hence

P=(8a,42 a).\boxed{P=(8a,4\sqrt2\,a)}.

若直接从上半支 y=2axy=2\sqrt{ax} 求导,也得到

dydx=ax=1p\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =\sqrt{\frac ax} =\frac1p

(这里使用了 a>0,p>0a>0,p>0)。其后的法线计算相同。

(b)

解法一

思路

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抛物线 y2=4axy^2=4ax 的焦点是 S=(a,0)S=(a,0)。线段 SBSB 位于 xx 轴上,可作为三角形的底;点 PP 的纵坐标就是相应的高。

答题过程

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The focus of CC is

S=(a,0).S=(a,0).

Since B=(10a,0)B=(10a,0),

SB=10a−a=9a.SB=10a-a=9a.

Let A\mathcal A be the area. Using the yy-coordinate of PP found in part (a),

A= 12(9a)(42 a)= 182 a2.\begin{align*} \mathcal A =&\,\frac{1}{2}(9a)(4\sqrt{2}\,a) \\ =&\,\boxed{18\sqrt{2}\,a^2}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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由 (a) 的坐标直接使用三角形坐标面积公式。两点在 xx 轴上,许多乘积为零,计算很短。

答题过程

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Using

S=(a,0),B=(10a,0),S=(a,0),\quad B=(10a,0),

and P=(8a,42 a)P=(8a,4\sqrt2\,a) from part (a), let A\mathcal A denote the area of triangle SBPSBP. The coordinate area formula gives

2A= ∣a(0−42 a) +10a(42 a−0) +8a(0−0)∣= 362 a2.\begin{align*} 2\mathcal A =&\,\big|a(0-4\sqrt2\,a)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+10a(4\sqrt2\,a-0)\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+8a(0-0)\big|\\ =&\,36\sqrt2\,a^2. \end{align*}

Therefore,

A=182 a2.\mathcal A=\boxed{18\sqrt2\,a^2}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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圆心是 B=(10a,0)B=(10a,0),而法线 ll 经过 BB,所以 BRBR 是圆的半径。由 yR>0y_R>0 可知 RR 与 PP 位于从 BB 出发的同一条射线上,因此 PR=PB−BRPR=PB-BR。

答题过程

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Using P=(8a,42 a)P=(8a,4\sqrt{2}\,a) and B=(10a,0)B=(10a,0),

PB2= (2a)2+(42 a)2= 36a2,PB= 6a.\begin{align*} PB^2=&\,(2a)^2+(4\sqrt2\,a)^2\\ =&\,36a^2,\\ PB=&\,6a. \end{align*}

The circle has centre BB and radius

BR=3a2.BR=\frac{3a}{2}.

The condition yR>0y_R>0 places RR on the ray from BB towards PP. Hence

PR= PB−BR= 6a−3a2= 9a2.\begin{align*} PR =&\,PB-BR \\ =&\,6a-\frac{3a}{2} \\ =&\,\boxed{\frac{9a}{2}}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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联立法线与圆方程求交点,利用 y>0y>0 选择 RR,最后用两点距离公式求 PRPR。令 u=x−10au=x-10a 可以缩短代数计算。

答题过程

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From part (a), the normal passes through BB with gradient −22-2\sqrt2, so

y=−22(x−10a).y=-2\sqrt2(x-10a).

Let u=x−10au=x-10a. Substituting y=−22 uy=-2\sqrt2\,u into the circle equation gives

u2+8u2= 94a2,9u2= 94a2,u= ±a2.\begin{align*} u^2+8u^2=&\,\frac94a^2,\\ 9u^2=&\,\frac94a^2,\\ u=&\,\pm\frac a2. \end{align*}

Since yR>0y_R>0, we require u<0u<0. Thus

xR= 10a−a2=19a2,yR= −22(−a2)= 2 a.\begin{align*} x_R=&\,10a-\frac a2=\frac{19a}{2},\\ y_R=&\,-2\sqrt2\big(-\frac a2\big)\\ =&\,\sqrt2\,a. \end{align*}

The coordinate differences from PP to RR are

xR−xP= 3a2,yR−yP= −32 a.\begin{align*} x_R-x_P=&\,\frac{3a}{2},\\ y_R-y_P=&\,-3\sqrt2\,a. \end{align*}

Hence

PR2= (3a2)2 +(−32 a)2= 94a2+18a2= 814a2.\begin{align*} PR^2=&\,\big(\frac{3a}{2}\big)^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(-3\sqrt2\,a)^2\\ =&\,\frac94a^2+18a^2\\ =&\,\frac{81}{4}a^2. \end{align*}

As a>0a>0,

PR=9a2.\boxed{PR=\frac{9a}{2}}.

解法三

思路

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用半径和法线方向的夹角求出 RR 的坐标,再计算两点距离。注意半径是 3a/23a/2,横纵方向的位移都必须带因子 aa。

答题过程

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Let θ\theta be the acute angle between the ray BPBP and the negative xx-axis. From part (a),

tan⁡θ=42 a2a=22.\tan\theta=\frac{4\sqrt2\,a}{2a}=2\sqrt2.

Since 0<θ<π/20<\theta<\pi/2,

cos⁡θ= 13,sin⁡θ= 223.\begin{align*} \cos\theta=&\,\frac13,\\ \sin\theta=&\,\frac{2\sqrt2}{3}. \end{align*}

The circle has centre BB and radius 3a/23a/2. The intersection with y>0y>0 is on the ray BPBP, so

xR= 10a−3a2cos⁡θ= 19a2,yR= 3a2sin⁡θ= 2 a.\begin{align*} x_R=&\,10a-\frac{3a}{2}\cos\theta\\ =&\,\frac{19a}{2},\\ y_R=&\,\frac{3a}{2}\sin\theta\\ =&\,\sqrt2\,a. \end{align*}

Using P=(8a,42 a)P=(8a,4\sqrt2\,a),

PR2= (3a2)2 +(−32 a)2= 814a2.\begin{align*} PR^2=&\,\big(\frac{3a}{2}\big)^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(-3\sqrt2\,a)^2\\ =&\,\frac{81}{4}a^2. \end{align*}

Therefore, since a>0a>0,

PR=9a2.\boxed{PR=\frac{9a}{2}}.