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FP1 2020 Jan Q2

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2020 Jan Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

2.

Given that x=−13x = -\dfrac{1}{3} is a root of the equation

 3x3+kx2 +33x+13=0\begin{align*} &\,3x^3+kx^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+33x+13=0 \end{align*}

k∈Rk\in\mathbb R

determine

(a) the value of kk,

(2)

(b) the other 2 roots of the equation in the form a+iba+\mathrm{i}b, where aa and bb are real numbers.

(4)
题目中文翻译

2.

已知 x=−13x = -\dfrac{1}{3} 是方程

 3x3+kx2 +33x+13=0\begin{align*} &\,3x^3+kx^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+33x+13=0 \end{align*}

k∈Rk\in\mathbb R

的一个根,求

(a) kk 的值。

(2)

(b) 方程的另外两个根,写成 a+iba+\mathrm{i}b 的形式,其中 aa 和 bb 是实数。

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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已知 −13-\frac13 是方程的根,因此代入多项式后结果必须为零。所得方程只含未知数 kk,直接整理即可。

答题过程

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Since x=−13x=-\dfrac{1}{3} is a root,

0= 3(−13)3 +k(−13)2 +33(−13)+13.\begin{align*} 0 =&\,3\bigg(-\frac{1}{3}\bigg)^3 \\ &\,\hspace{2pt} +k\bigg(-\frac{1}{3}\bigg)^2 \\ &\,\hspace{4pt} +33\bigg(-\frac{1}{3}\bigg)+13. \end{align*}

Therefore,

−19+k9+2= 0,−1+k+18= 0,k= −17.\begin{align*} -\frac{1}{9}+\frac{k}{9}+2=&\,0, \\ -1+k+18=&\,0, \\ k=&\,\boxed{-17}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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由根 −13-\frac13 可知 3x+13x+1 是多项式的因式。把三次式写成 (3x+1)(3x+1) 与一个二次式的乘积,再比较系数求出 kk。

答题过程

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Since 3x+13x+1 is a factor, write

 3x3+kx2+33x+13= (3x+1)(x2+Ax+13).\begin{align*} &\,3x^3+kx^2+33x+13\\ =&\,(3x+1)(x^2+Ax+13). \end{align*}

Expanding the right-hand side,

 (3x+1)(x2+Ax+13)= 3x3+(3A+1)x2 +(39+A)x+13.\begin{align*} &\,(3x+1)(x^2+Ax+13)\\ =&\,3x^3+(3A+1)x^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(39+A)x+13. \end{align*}

Comparing the coefficients of xx,

39+A=33,39+A=33,

so A=−6A=-6. Comparing the coefficients of x2x^2,

k= 3A+1= 3(−6)+1= −17.\begin{align*} k =&\,3A+1 \\ =&\,3(-6)+1 \\ =&\,\boxed{-17}. \end{align*}

解法三

思路

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用因式 3x+13x+1 对原三次式做长除法,把商和余式保留为含 kk 的表达式。因为除式是已知因式,最后的常数余式必须为零,由此求出 kk。

答题过程

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Let

F(x)= 3x3+kx2 +33x+13,\begin{align*} F(x)=&\,3x^3+kx^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+33x+13, \end{align*}

and D(x)=3x+1D(x)=3x+1. The given root makes D(x)D(x) a factor of F(x)F(x).

The first quotient term is x2x^2. Subtracting x2D(x)x^2D(x) leaves

R1(x)= (k−1)x2 +33x+13.\begin{align*} R_1(x)=&\,(k-1)x^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+33x+13. \end{align*}

The next quotient term is k−13x\frac{k-1}{3}x. Subtracting this term times D(x)D(x) leaves

 R2(x)= (33−k−13)x+13= 100−k3x+13.\begin{align*} &\,R_2(x)\\ =&\,\big(33-\frac{k-1}{3}\big)x+13\\ =&\,\frac{100-k}{3}x+13. \end{align*}

The last quotient term is 100−k9\frac{100-k}{9}. After subtracting this term times D(x)D(x), the remainder is

R=13−100−k9.R=13-\frac{100-k}{9}.

Since the remainder is zero,

13−100−k9= 0,117−100+k= 0,k= −17.\begin{align*} 13-\frac{100-k}{9}=&\,0,\\ 117-100+k=&\,0,\\ k=&\,\boxed{-17}. \end{align*}

The quotient is

Q(x)= x2+k−13x +100−k9= x2−6x+13.\begin{align*} Q(x)=&\,x^2+\frac{k-1}{3}x\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{100-k}{9}\\ =&\,x^2-6x+13. \end{align*}

也可先由常数项看出商的常数项必须为 1313,再令 (100−k)/9=13(100-k)/9=13,得到相同的 kk。

(b)

解法一

思路

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先使用 (a) 的 k=−17k=-17,并由已知因式 3x+13x+1 得到剩余的二次因式。再对二次方程使用二次公式;判别式为负,因此另外两根是一对共轭复根。

答题过程

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With k=−17k=-17,

 3x3−17x2+33x+13= (3x+1)(x2−6x+13).\begin{align*} &\,3x^3-17x^2+33x+13\\ =&\,(3x+1)(x^2-6x+13). \end{align*}

The other two roots therefore satisfy

x2−6x+13=0.x^2-6x+13=0.

Using the quadratic formula,

x= 6±36−522= 6±−162= 6±4i2.\begin{align*} x =&\,\frac{6\pm\sqrt{36-52}}{2} \\ =&\,\frac{6\pm\sqrt{-16}}{2} \\ =&\,\frac{6\pm4\mathrm{i}}{2}. \end{align*}

Hence the other two roots are

x1= 3+2i,x2= 3−2i.\begin{align*} x_1=&\,\boxed{3+2\mathrm{i}},\\ x_2=&\,\boxed{3-2\mathrm{i}}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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也可以对二次因式配方。把 x2−6x+13x^2-6x+13 写成平方加常数,可以直接读出两条复数根。

答题过程

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From

x2−6x+13=0,x^2-6x+13=0,

completing the square gives

(x−3)2+4= 0,(x−3)2= −4,x−3= ±2i.\begin{align*} (x-3)^2+4=&\,0, \\ (x-3)^2=&\,-4, \\ x-3=&\,\pm2\mathrm{i}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

x1= 3+2i,x2= 3−2i.\begin{align*} x_1=&\,\boxed{3+2\mathrm{i}},\\ x_2=&\,\boxed{3-2\mathrm{i}}. \end{align*}