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FP1 2020 Oct Q1

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2020 Oct Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

1.

f(x)= x3− 10x−4xx2\begin{align*} f(x)=&\,x^3 \\ -&\,\frac{10\sqrt{x}-4x}{x^2} \end{align*}

x>0x>0

(a) Show that the equation f(x)=0f(x) = 0 has a root α\alpha in the interval [1.4,1.5][1.4, 1.5]

(2)

(b) Determine f′(x)f'(x).

(3)

(c) Using x0=1.4x_0 = 1.4 as a first approximation to α\alpha, apply the Newton-Raphson procedure once to f(x)f(x) to calculate a second approximation to α\alpha, giving your answer to 3 decimal places.

(2)
题目中文翻译

1.

f(x)= x3− 10x−4xx2\begin{align*} f(x)=&\,x^3 \\ -&\,\frac{10\sqrt{x}-4x}{x^2} \end{align*}

x>0x>0

(a) 证明方程 f(x)=0f(x) = 0 在区间 [1.4,1.5][1.4, 1.5] 内有一个根 α\alpha。

(2)

(b) 求 f′(x)f'(x)。

(3)

(c) 取 x0=1.4x_0 = 1.4 作为 α\alpha 的第一个近似值,对 f(x)f(x) 应用一次 Newton-Raphson 法,计算 α\alpha 的第二个近似值,答案保留 3 位小数。

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

分别计算区间两个端点的函数值。函数在 x>0x>0 上连续,并且两个函数值异号,因此由介值定理可知区间内存在一个根。

答题过程

展开 f(1.4)= −0.435673…< 0.\begin{align*} f(1.4)=&\,-0.435673\ldots \\ <&\,0. \end{align*}

and

f(1.5)=0.598356…>0.f(1.5)=0.598356\ldots>0.

Since ff is continuous for x>0x>0 and there is a change of sign, the equation f(x)=0f(x)=0 has a root α\alpha in the interval [1.4,1.5][1.4,1.5].

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

先把原函数化成幂函数之和,再逐项求导。注意原式的减号作用于整个分式。

答题过程

展开

First, rewriting f(x)f(x) gives

 x3−10x−4xx2= x3−10x−3/2+4x−1.\begin{align*} &\,x^3-\frac{10\sqrt{x}-4x}{x^2} \\ =&\,x^3-10x^{-3/2}+4x^{-1}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

f′(x)= 3x2+15x−5/2− 4x−2.\begin{align*} f'(x)=&\,3x^2+15x^{-5/2} \\ -&\,4x^{-2}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

展开

保留原分式,用商法则求导。先分别求分子与分母的导数,再展开并合并商法则的分子。最后注意原函数中分式前的减号。

答题过程

展开

Let

u= 10x−4x,v= x2.\begin{align*} u=&\,10\sqrt{x}-4x, \\ v=&\,x^2. \end{align*}

For x>0x>0,

u′= 5x−1/2−4,v′= 2x.\begin{align*} u'=&\,5x^{-1/2}-4, \\ v'=&\,2x. \end{align*}

Let g(x)=uvg(x)=\frac{u}{v}. By the quotient rule,

g′(x)= vu′−uv′v2= x2u′−2xux4.\begin{align*} g'(x) =&\,\frac{vu'-uv'}{v^2} \\ =&\,\frac{x^2u'-2xu}{x^4}. \end{align*}

The numerator simplifies to

 x2u′−2xu= 5x3/2−4x2− 20x3/2+8x2= −15x3/2+4x2.\begin{align*} &\,x^2u'-2xu \\ =&\,5x^{3/2}-4x^2 \\ -&\,20x^{3/2}+8x^2 \\ =&\,-15x^{3/2}+4x^2. \end{align*}

Hence

g′(x)= −15x−5/2+ 4x−2.\begin{align*} g'(x)=&\,-15x^{-5/2} \\ +&\,4x^{-2}. \end{align*}

Since f(x)=x3−uvf(x)=x^3-\frac{u}{v}, it follows that

f′(x)= 3x2+15x−5/2− 4x−2.\begin{align*} f'(x)=&\,3x^2+15x^{-5/2} \\ -&\,4x^{-2}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

使用 Newton–Raphson 公式 xn+1=xn−f(xn)f′(xn)x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)},将 x0=1.4x_0=1.4 及对应的函数值、导函数值代入一次。

答题过程

展开

Using

xn+1=xn−f(xn)f′(xn),x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)},

with x0=1.4x_0=1.4, we have

f(1.4)=−0.435673…f(1.4)=-0.435673\ldots

and

f′(1.4)=10.3072….f'(1.4)=10.3072\ldots.

Hence

x1= 1.4−−0.435673…10.3072…= 1.442268…= 1.442(3 d.p.).\begin{align*} x_1 =&\,1.4-\frac{-0.435673\ldots}{10.3072\ldots} \\ =&\,1.442268\ldots \\ =&\,\boxed{1.442}\quad\text{(3 d.p.)}. \end{align*}