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IAL 2021 Jan FP1 Q2

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2021 Jan Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

Given that x=38+718ix = \dfrac{3}{8} + \dfrac{\sqrt{71}}{8}i is a root of the equation

4x319x2+px+q=04x^3 - 19x^2 + px + q = 0

(a) write down the other complex root of the equation.

(1)

Given that x=4x = 4 is also a root of the equation,

(b) find the value of pp and the value of qq.

(4)
题目中文翻译

已知 x=38+718ix = \dfrac{3}{8} + \dfrac{\sqrt{71}}{8}i 是方程 4x319x2+px+q=04x^3 - 19x^2 + px + q = 0 的一个根,

(a) 直接写出该方程的另一个复数根。

已知 x=4x = 4 也是该方程的一个根,

(b) 求 ppqq 的值。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

原方程的系数均为实数,因此非实复根必成共轭对。把已知复根的虚部变号即可得到另一个复根。

答题过程

展开

Since the polynomial has real coefficients, its non-real roots occur in conjugate pairs. Therefore, the other complex root is

38718i.\boxed{\frac38-\frac{\sqrt{71}}8\mathrm{i}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

先把一对共轭复根写成两个一次因式并相乘,得到实系数二次因式。再乘第三个根 44 所对应的因式 (x4)(x-4),展开后与题目给出的三次多项式比较系数。

答题过程

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The quadratic factor corresponding to the conjugate pair is

(x38718i)×(x38+718i)=(x38)2(718i)2=(x38)2+7164=x234x+54.\begin{align*} &\,\bigg(x-\frac38-\frac{\sqrt{71}}8\mathrm{i}\bigg)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}\times \bigg(x-\frac38+\frac{\sqrt{71}}8\mathrm{i}\bigg)\\ =&\,\bigg(x-\frac38\bigg)^2 -\bigg(\frac{\sqrt{71}}8\mathrm{i}\bigg)^2\\ =&\,\bigg(x-\frac38\bigg)^2+\frac{71}{64}\\ =&\,x^2-\frac34x+\frac54. \end{align*}

Including the root 44, the monic polynomial is

(x234x+54)×(x4)=x3194x2+174x5.\begin{align*} &\,\bigg(x^2-\frac34x+\frac54\bigg)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}\times(x-4)\\ =&\,x^3-\frac{19}{4}x^2+\frac{17}{4}x-5. \end{align*}

Multiplying by 44 gives

4x319x2+17x20.4x^3-19x^2+17x-20.

Comparing coefficients with 4x319x2+px+q4x^3-19x^2+px+q,

p=17,q=20.\boxed{p=17,\qquad q=-20}.

解法二

思路

展开

直接使用三次方程的韦达定理。先求共轭根的和与积,再结合第三个根 44,由三根的积求 qq,由两两乘积之和求 pp

答题过程

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Let the conjugate roots be uu and vv. Then

u+v=34,uv=(38)2+(718)2=54.\begin{align*} u+v=&\,\frac34,\\ uv=&\,\bigg(\frac38\bigg)^2 +\bigg(\frac{\sqrt{71}}8\bigg)^2\\ =&\,\frac54. \end{align*}

After dividing the polynomial by 44, Vieta’s formula for the product of all three roots gives

q4=4uv=4(54)=5.\begin{align*} -\frac q4=&\,4uv\\ =&\,4\bigg(\frac54\bigg)\\ =&\,5. \end{align*}

Hence

q=20.q=-20.

The sum of the pairwise products gives

p4=uv+4u+4v=uv+4(u+v)=54+4(34)=174.\begin{align*} \frac p4 =&\,uv+4u+4v\\ =&\,uv+4(u+v)\\ =&\,\frac54\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+4\bigg(\frac34\bigg)\\ =&\,\frac{17}{4}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

p=17,q=20.\boxed{p=17,\qquad q=-20}.

解法三

思路

展开

利用 x=4x=4 是根,把原多项式除以 (x4)(x-4)。余数必须为零,而所得二次商式的两个根正是共轭复根;将商式的根积与这对共轭根的积比较,即可先求 pp,再由余数求 qq

答题过程

展开

Dividing by x4x-4 gives

4x319x2+px+q=(x4)×[4x23x+(p12)]+q+4(p12).\begin{align*} 4x^3-19x^2+px+q =&\,(x-4)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}\times\big[4x^2-3x+(p-12)\big]\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+q+4(p-12). \end{align*}

Since x=4x=4 is a root, the remainder is zero, so

q+4(p12)=0.q+4(p-12)=0.

The roots of the quadratic quotient are the conjugate pair. Their product is therefore

p124=54.\frac{p-12}{4}=\frac54.

Hence p=17p=17. Substituting this into the remainder equation gives

q+4(1712)=0,q+4(17-12)=0,

so

p=17,q=20.\boxed{p=17,\qquad q=-20}.