题目
Problem
2. f ( x ) = 7 x − 1 2 x 3 − 5 3 x x > 0 f(x) = 7\sqrt{x} - \dfrac{1}{2}x^3 - \dfrac{5}{3x} \quad x > 0 f ( x ) = 7 x − 2 1 x 3 − 3 x 5 x > 0
(a) Show that the equation f ( x ) = 0 f(x) = 0 f ( x ) = 0 has a root, α \alpha α , in the interval [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] [2.8, 2.9] [ 2.8 , 2.9 ]
(2)
(b) (i) Find f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f ′ ( x ) .
(ii) Hence, using x 0 = 2.8 x_0 = 2.8 x 0 = 2.8 as a first approximation to α \alpha α , apply the Newton-Raphson procedure once to f ( x ) f(x) f ( x ) to calculate a second approximation to α \alpha α , giving your answer to 3 decimal places.
(4)
(c) Use linear interpolation once on the interval [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] [2.8, 2.9] [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] to find another approximation to α \alpha α . Give your answer to 3 decimal places.
(3)
题目中文翻译
f ( x ) = 7 x − 1 2 x 3 − 5 3 x x > 0 f(x) = 7\sqrt{x} - \dfrac{1}{2}x^3 - \dfrac{5}{3x} \quad x > 0 f ( x ) = 7 x − 2 1 x 3 − 3 x 5 x > 0
(a) 证明方程 f ( x ) = 0 f(x) = 0 f ( x ) = 0 在区间 [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] [2.8, 2.9] [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] 内有一个根 α \alpha α 。
(b) (i) 求 f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f ′ ( x ) 。
(ii) 取 x 0 = 2.8 x_0 = 2.8 x 0 = 2.8 作为 α \alpha α 的第一个近似值,对 f ( x ) f(x) f ( x ) 应用一次 Newton-Raphson 法,计算 α \alpha α 的第二个近似值,答案保留 3 位小数。
(c) 在区间 [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] [2.8, 2.9] [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] 上使用一次线性插值,求 α \alpha α 的另一个近似值。答案保留 3 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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分别计算区间两个端点的函数值。由于函数在 x > 0 x>0 x > 0 上连续,而两个函数值异号,所以由介值定理可知区间内存在一个根。
答题过程
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f ( 2.8 ) = 0.142002 … > 0 f(2.8)=0.142002\ldots>0 f ( 2.8 ) = 0.142002 … > 0
and
f ( 2.9 ) = − 0.848642 … < 0. f(2.9)=-0.848642\ldots<0. f ( 2.9 ) = − 0.848642 … < 0.
Since f f f is continuous for x > 0 x>0 x > 0 and there is a change of sign, the equation f ( x ) = 0 f(x)=0 f ( x ) = 0 has a root α \alpha α in the interval [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] [2.8,2.9] [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] .
(b)(i)
解法一
思路
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先把根式和分式分别写成 x 1 / 2 x^{1/2} x 1/2 与 x − 1 x^{-1} x − 1 ,再逐项求导。
答题过程
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Writing
f ( x ) = 7 x 1 / 2 − 1 2 x 3 − 5 3 x − 1 , f(x)=7x^{1/2}-\frac{1}{2}x^3-\frac{5}{3}x^{-1}, f ( x ) = 7 x 1/2 − 2 1 x 3 − 3 5 x − 1 ,
we obtain
f ′ ( x ) = 7 2 x − 1 / 2 − 3 2 x 2 + 5 3 x 2 . \boxed{
f'(x)=\frac{7}{2}x^{-1/2}
-\frac{3}{2}x^2+\frac{5}{3x^2}
}. f ′ ( x ) = 2 7 x − 1/2 − 2 3 x 2 + 3 x 2 5 .
(b)(ii)
解法一
思路
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使用 Newton–Raphson 迭代公式 x n + 1 = x n − f ( x n ) f ′ ( x n ) x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)} x n + 1 = x n − f ′ ( x n ) f ( x n ) ,把 x 0 = 2.8 x_0=2.8 x 0 = 2.8 及相应的函数值代入一次。
答题过程
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Using
x n + 1 = x n − f ( x n ) f ′ ( x n ) , x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)}, x n + 1 = x n − f ′ ( x n ) f ( x n ) ,
with x 0 = 2.8 x_0=2.8 x 0 = 2.8 , we have
f ( 2.8 ) = 0.142002276 … f(2.8)=0.142002276\ldots f ( 2.8 ) = 0.142002276 …
and
f ′ ( 2.8 ) = − 9.4557649 … . f'(2.8)=-9.4557649\ldots. f ′ ( 2.8 ) = − 9.4557649 … .
Therefore,
x 1 = 2.8 − 0.142002276 … − 9.4557649 … = 2.81502 … = 2.815 (3 d.p.) . \begin{align*}
x_1
=&\,2.8-\frac{0.142002276\ldots}
{-9.4557649\ldots} \\
=&\,2.81502\ldots \\
=&\,\boxed{2.815}\quad\text{(3 d.p.)}.
\end{align*} x 1 = = = 2.8 − − 9.4557649 … 0.142002276 … 2.81502 … 2.815 (3 d.p.) .
(c)
解法一
思路
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把端点 ( 2.8 , f ( 2.8 ) ) (2.8,f(2.8)) ( 2.8 , f ( 2.8 )) 与 ( 2.9 , f ( 2.9 ) ) (2.9,f(2.9)) ( 2.9 , f ( 2.9 )) 用直线连接,并按两个端点函数值的绝对值作反向加权平均,即可估计该直线与 x x x 轴的交点。
答题过程
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By linear interpolation,
α ≈ 2.8 ∣ f ( 2.9 ) ∣ + 2.9 ∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ ∣ f ( 2.9 ) ∣ + ∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ = 2.8 ( 0.848642187 … ) 0.848642187 … + 0.142002276 … + 2.9 ( 0.142002276 … ) 0.848642187 … + 0.142002276 … = 2.81433 … . \begin{align*}
\alpha
\approx&\,\frac{2.8|f(2.9)|+2.9|f(2.8)|}
{|f(2.9)|+|f(2.8)|} \\
=&\,\frac{2.8(0.848642187\ldots)}
{0.848642187\ldots+0.142002276\ldots} \\
&\,\hspace{2pt}
+\frac{2.9(0.142002276\ldots)}
{0.848642187\ldots+0.142002276\ldots} \\
=&\,2.81433\ldots.
\end{align*} α ≈ = = ∣ f ( 2.9 ) ∣ + ∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ 2.8∣ f ( 2.9 ) ∣ + 2.9∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ 0.848642187 … + 0.142002276 … 2.8 ( 0.848642187 … ) + 0.848642187 … + 0.142002276 … 2.9 ( 0.142002276 … ) 2.81433 … .
Therefore,
α ≈ 2.814 (3 d.p.) . \boxed{\alpha\approx2.814}\quad\text{(3 d.p.)}. α ≈ 2.814 (3 d.p.) .