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FP1 2021 Oct Q2

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2021 Oct Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

2.

 f(x)= 7x−12x3 −53x,x>0\begin{align*} &\,f(x)\\ =&\,7\sqrt{x}-\frac12x^3\\ &\,-\frac{5}{3x},\quad x>0 \end{align*}

(a) Show that the equation f(x)=0f(x) = 0 has a root, α\alpha, in the interval [2.8,2.9][2.8, 2.9]

(2)

(b) (i) Find f′(x)f'(x).

(ii) Hence, using x0=2.8x_0 = 2.8 as a first approximation to α\alpha, apply the Newton-Raphson procedure once to f(x)f(x) to calculate a second approximation to α\alpha, giving your answer to 3 decimal places.

(4)

(c) Use linear interpolation once on the interval [2.8,2.9][2.8, 2.9] to find another approximation to α\alpha. Give your answer to 3 decimal places.

(3)
题目中文翻译
 f(x)= 7x−12x3 −53x,x>0\begin{align*} &\,f(x)\\ =&\,7\sqrt{x}-\frac12x^3\\ &\,-\frac{5}{3x},\quad x>0 \end{align*}

(a) 证明方程 f(x)=0f(x) = 0 在区间 [2.8,2.9][2.8, 2.9] 内有一个根 α\alpha。

(2)

(b) (i) 求 f′(x)f'(x)。

(ii) 取 x0=2.8x_0 = 2.8 作为 α\alpha 的第一个近似值,对 f(x)f(x) 应用一次 Newton-Raphson 法,计算 α\alpha 的第二个近似值,答案保留 3 位小数。

(4)

(c) 在区间 [2.8,2.9][2.8, 2.9] 上使用一次线性插值,求 α\alpha 的另一个近似值。答案保留 3 位小数。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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分别计算区间两个端点的函数值。由于函数在 x>0x>0 上连续,而两个函数值异号,所以由介值定理可知区间内存在一个根。

答题过程

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At the endpoints,

 f(2.8)= 72.8−12(2.8)3 −53(2.8)= 0.142002276…> 0,\begin{align*} &\,f(2.8)\\ =&\,7\sqrt{2.8}-\frac12(2.8)^3\\ &\,-\frac{5}{3(2.8)}\\ =&\,0.142002276\ldots\\ >&\,0, \end{align*}

and

 f(2.9)= 72.9−12(2.9)3 −53(2.9)= −0.848642187…< 0.\begin{align*} &\,f(2.9)\\ =&\,7\sqrt{2.9}-\frac12(2.9)^3\\ &\,-\frac{5}{3(2.9)}\\ =&\,-0.848642187\ldots\\ <&\,0. \end{align*}

Since ff is continuous for x>0x>0 and there is a change of sign, the equation f(x)=0f(x)=0 has a root α\alpha in the interval [2.8,2.9][2.8,2.9].

(b)(i)

解法一

思路

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先把根式和分式分别写成 x1/2x^{1/2} 与 x−1x^{-1},再逐项求导。

答题过程

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Writing

f(x)= 7x1/2−12x3 −53x−1,\begin{align*} f(x)=&\,7x^{1/2}-\frac12x^3\\ &\,-\frac53x^{-1}, \end{align*}

we obtain

f′(x)= 7(12)x−1/2 −12(3)x2 −53(−1)x−2.\begin{align*} f'(x) =&\,7\big(\tfrac12\big)x^{-1/2}\\ &\,-\tfrac12(3)x^2\\ &\,-\tfrac53(-1)x^{-2}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

f′(x)= 72x−1/2 −32x2+53x2.\boxed{ \begin{aligned} f'(x)=&\,\frac72x^{-1/2}\\ &\,-\frac32x^2+\frac{5}{3x^2} \end{aligned} }.

(b)(ii)

解法一

思路

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使用 Newton–Raphson 迭代公式

xn+1=xn−f(xn)f′(xn),x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)},

把 x0=2.8x_0=2.8 及相应的函数值代入一次。

答题过程

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Using

xn+1=xn−f(xn)f′(xn),x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)},

with x0=2.8x_0=2.8, we have

f(2.8)=0.142002276…f(2.8)=0.142002276\ldots

and

 f′(2.8)= 72(2.8)−1/2 −32(2.8)2+53(2.8)2= −9.4557649….\begin{align*} &\,f'(2.8)\\ =&\,\frac72(2.8)^{-1/2}\\ &\,-\frac32(2.8)^2+\frac{5}{3(2.8)^2}\\ =&\,-9.4557649\ldots. \end{align*}

Therefore,

 x1= 2.8−f(2.8)f′(2.8)= 2.8−0.142002276…−9.4557649…= 2.815017534….\begin{align*} &\,x_1\\ =&\,2.8-\frac{f(2.8)}{f'(2.8)}\\ =&\,2.8-\frac{0.142002276\ldots} {-9.4557649\ldots}\\ =&\,2.815017534\ldots. \end{align*}

Thus the second approximation is

x1=2.815(3 d.p.).\boxed{x_1=2.815}\quad\text{(3 d.p.)}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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把端点 (2.8,f(2.8))(2.8,f(2.8)) 与 (2.9,f(2.9))(2.9,f(2.9)) 用直线连接,并按两个端点函数值的绝对值作反向加权平均,即可估计该直线与 xx 轴的交点。

答题过程

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Let

D= ∣f(2.9)∣+∣f(2.8)∣= 0.848642187… +0.142002276…= 0.990644463….\begin{align*} D=&\,|f(2.9)|+|f(2.8)|\\ =&\,0.848642187\ldots\\ &\,+0.142002276\ldots\\ =&\,0.990644463\ldots. \end{align*}

By linear interpolation, the estimated root is the weighted mean

 α≈ 2.8∣f(2.9)∣D+ 2.9∣f(2.8)∣D= 2.8(0.848642187…)D+ 2.9(0.142002276…)D= 2.814334332….\begin{align*} &\,\alpha\\ \approx&\,\frac{2.8|f(2.9)|}{D}\\ +&\,\frac{2.9|f(2.8)|}{D}\\ =&\,\frac{2.8(0.848642187\ldots)}{D}\\ +&\,\frac{2.9(0.142002276\ldots)}{D}\\ =&\,2.814334332\ldots. \end{align*}

Therefore,

α≈2.814(3 d.p.).\boxed{\alpha\approx2.814}\quad\text{(3 d.p.)}.

解法二

思路

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把插值直线与 xx 轴的交点到左端点 x=2.8x=2.8 的水平距离记为 hh。利用相似三角形,水平距离占整个区间的比例,等于左端点函数值到零的距离占两个端点函数值总距离的比例。先求 hh,再加回 2.82.8。

答题过程

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Let hh be the horizontal distance from x=2.8x=2.8 to the xx-intercept of the straight line through the two endpoints.

The interval width is

2.9−2.8=0.1.2.9-2.8=0.1.

Since the endpoint values have opposite signs, similar triangles give

h0.1=∣f(2.8)∣∣f(2.8)∣+∣f(2.9)∣.\frac{h}{0.1} = \frac{|f(2.8)|} {|f(2.8)|+|f(2.9)|}.

Using

D= ∣f(2.8)∣+∣f(2.9)∣= 0.990644463…,\begin{align*} D=&\,|f(2.8)|+|f(2.9)|\\ =&\,0.990644463\ldots, \end{align*}

we obtain

h= 0.1∣f(2.8)∣D= 0.1(0.142002276…)D= 0.014334332….\begin{align*} h=&\,\frac{0.1|f(2.8)|}{D}\\ =&\,\frac{0.1(0.142002276\ldots)}{D}\\ =&\,0.014334332\ldots. \end{align*}

Hence

α≈ 2.8+h= 2.8+0.014334332…= 2.814334332…,\begin{align*} \alpha\approx&\,2.8+h\\ =&\,2.8+0.014334332\ldots\\ =&\,2.814334332\ldots, \end{align*}

so

α≈2.814(3 d.p.).\boxed{\alpha\approx2.814}\quad\text{(3 d.p.)}.