题目
Problem
2.
f ( x ) = 7 x − 1 2 x 3 − 5 3 x , x > 0 \begin{align*}
&\,f(x)\\
=&\,7\sqrt{x}-\frac12x^3\\
&\,-\frac{5}{3x},\quad x>0
\end{align*} = f ( x ) 7 x − 2 1 x 3 − 3 x 5 , x > 0
(a) Show that the equation f ( x ) = 0 f(x) = 0 f ( x ) = 0 has a root, α \alpha α , in the interval [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] [2.8, 2.9] [ 2.8 , 2.9 ]
(2)
(b) (i) Find f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f ′ ( x ) .
(ii) Hence, using x 0 = 2.8 x_0 = 2.8 x 0 = 2.8 as a first approximation to α \alpha α , apply the Newton-Raphson procedure once to f ( x ) f(x) f ( x ) to calculate a second approximation to α \alpha α , giving your answer to 3 decimal places.
(4)
(c) Use linear interpolation once on the interval [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] [2.8, 2.9] [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] to find another approximation to α \alpha α . Give your answer to 3 decimal places.
(3)
题目中文翻译
f ( x ) = 7 x − 1 2 x 3 − 5 3 x , x > 0 \begin{align*}
&\,f(x)\\
=&\,7\sqrt{x}-\frac12x^3\\
&\,-\frac{5}{3x},\quad x>0
\end{align*} = f ( x ) 7 x − 2 1 x 3 − 3 x 5 , x > 0
(a) 证明方程 f ( x ) = 0 f(x) = 0 f ( x ) = 0 在区间 [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] [2.8, 2.9] [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] 内有一个根 α \alpha α 。
(2)
(b) (i) 求 f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f ′ ( x ) 。
(ii) 取 x 0 = 2.8 x_0 = 2.8 x 0 = 2.8 作为 α \alpha α 的第一个近似值,对 f ( x ) f(x) f ( x ) 应用一次 Newton-Raphson 法,计算 α \alpha α 的第二个近似值,答案保留 3 位小数。
(4)
(c) 在区间 [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] [2.8, 2.9] [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] 上使用一次线性插值,求 α \alpha α 的另一个近似值。答案保留 3 位小数。
(3)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
展开
分别计算区间两个端点的函数值。由于函数在 x > 0 x>0 x > 0 上连续,而两个函数值异号,所以由介值定理可知区间内存在一个根。
答题过程
展开
At the endpoints,
f ( 2.8 ) = 7 2.8 − 1 2 ( 2.8 ) 3 − 5 3 ( 2.8 ) = 0.142002276 … > 0 , \begin{align*}
&\,f(2.8)\\
=&\,7\sqrt{2.8}-\frac12(2.8)^3\\
&\,-\frac{5}{3(2.8)}\\
=&\,0.142002276\ldots\\
>&\,0,
\end{align*} = = > f ( 2.8 ) 7 2.8 − 2 1 ( 2.8 ) 3 − 3 ( 2.8 ) 5 0.142002276 … 0 ,
and
f ( 2.9 ) = 7 2.9 − 1 2 ( 2.9 ) 3 − 5 3 ( 2.9 ) = − 0.848642187 … < 0. \begin{align*}
&\,f(2.9)\\
=&\,7\sqrt{2.9}-\frac12(2.9)^3\\
&\,-\frac{5}{3(2.9)}\\
=&\,-0.848642187\ldots\\
<&\,0.
\end{align*} = = < f ( 2.9 ) 7 2.9 − 2 1 ( 2.9 ) 3 − 3 ( 2.9 ) 5 − 0.848642187 … 0.
Since f f f is continuous for x > 0 x>0 x > 0 and there is a change of sign, the equation f ( x ) = 0 f(x)=0 f ( x ) = 0 has a root α \alpha α in the interval [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] [2.8,2.9] [ 2.8 , 2.9 ] .
(b)(i)
解法一
思路
展开
先把根式和分式分别写成 x 1 / 2 x^{1/2} x 1/2 与 x − 1 x^{-1} x − 1 ,再逐项求导。
答题过程
展开
Writing
f ( x ) = 7 x 1 / 2 − 1 2 x 3 − 5 3 x − 1 , \begin{align*}
f(x)=&\,7x^{1/2}-\frac12x^3\\
&\,-\frac53x^{-1},
\end{align*} f ( x ) = 7 x 1/2 − 2 1 x 3 − 3 5 x − 1 ,
we obtain
f ′ ( x ) = 7 ( 1 2 ) x − 1 / 2 − 1 2 ( 3 ) x 2 − 5 3 ( − 1 ) x − 2 . \begin{align*}
f'(x)
=&\,7\big(\tfrac12\big)x^{-1/2}\\
&\,-\tfrac12(3)x^2\\
&\,-\tfrac53(-1)x^{-2}.
\end{align*} f ′ ( x ) = 7 ( 2 1 ) x − 1/2 − 2 1 ( 3 ) x 2 − 3 5 ( − 1 ) x − 2 .
Therefore,
f ′ ( x ) = 7 2 x − 1 / 2 − 3 2 x 2 + 5 3 x 2 . \boxed{
\begin{aligned}
f'(x)=&\,\frac72x^{-1/2}\\
&\,-\frac32x^2+\frac{5}{3x^2}
\end{aligned}
}. f ′ ( x ) = 2 7 x − 1/2 − 2 3 x 2 + 3 x 2 5 .
(b)(ii)
解法一
思路
展开
使用 Newton–Raphson 迭代公式
x n + 1 = x n − f ( x n ) f ′ ( x n ) , x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)}, x n + 1 = x n − f ′ ( x n ) f ( x n ) ,
把 x 0 = 2.8 x_0=2.8 x 0 = 2.8 及相应的函数值代入一次。
答题过程
展开
Using
x n + 1 = x n − f ( x n ) f ′ ( x n ) , x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)}, x n + 1 = x n − f ′ ( x n ) f ( x n ) ,
with x 0 = 2.8 x_0=2.8 x 0 = 2.8 , we have
f ( 2.8 ) = 0.142002276 … f(2.8)=0.142002276\ldots f ( 2.8 ) = 0.142002276 …
and
f ′ ( 2.8 ) = 7 2 ( 2.8 ) − 1 / 2 − 3 2 ( 2.8 ) 2 + 5 3 ( 2.8 ) 2 = − 9.4557649 … . \begin{align*}
&\,f'(2.8)\\
=&\,\frac72(2.8)^{-1/2}\\
&\,-\frac32(2.8)^2+\frac{5}{3(2.8)^2}\\
=&\,-9.4557649\ldots.
\end{align*} = = f ′ ( 2.8 ) 2 7 ( 2.8 ) − 1/2 − 2 3 ( 2.8 ) 2 + 3 ( 2.8 ) 2 5 − 9.4557649 … .
Therefore,
x 1 = 2.8 − f ( 2.8 ) f ′ ( 2.8 ) = 2.8 − 0.142002276 … − 9.4557649 … = 2.815017534 … . \begin{align*}
&\,x_1\\
=&\,2.8-\frac{f(2.8)}{f'(2.8)}\\
=&\,2.8-\frac{0.142002276\ldots}
{-9.4557649\ldots}\\
=&\,2.815017534\ldots.
\end{align*} = = = x 1 2.8 − f ′ ( 2.8 ) f ( 2.8 ) 2.8 − − 9.4557649 … 0.142002276 … 2.815017534 … .
Thus the second approximation is
x 1 = 2.815 (3 d.p.) . \boxed{x_1=2.815}\quad\text{(3 d.p.)}. x 1 = 2.815 (3 d.p.) .
(c)
解法一
思路
展开
把端点 ( 2.8 , f ( 2.8 ) ) (2.8,f(2.8)) ( 2.8 , f ( 2.8 )) 与 ( 2.9 , f ( 2.9 ) ) (2.9,f(2.9)) ( 2.9 , f ( 2.9 )) 用直线连接,并按两个端点函数值的绝对值作反向加权平均,即可估计该直线与 x x x 轴的交点。
答题过程
展开
Let
D = ∣ f ( 2.9 ) ∣ + ∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ = 0.848642187 … + 0.142002276 … = 0.990644463 … . \begin{align*}
D=&\,|f(2.9)|+|f(2.8)|\\
=&\,0.848642187\ldots\\
&\,+0.142002276\ldots\\
=&\,0.990644463\ldots.
\end{align*} D = = = ∣ f ( 2.9 ) ∣ + ∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ 0.848642187 … + 0.142002276 … 0.990644463 … .
By linear interpolation, the estimated root is the weighted mean
α ≈ 2.8 ∣ f ( 2.9 ) ∣ D + 2.9 ∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ D = 2.8 ( 0.848642187 … ) D + 2.9 ( 0.142002276 … ) D = 2.814334332 … . \begin{align*}
&\,\alpha\\
\approx&\,\frac{2.8|f(2.9)|}{D}\\
+&\,\frac{2.9|f(2.8)|}{D}\\
=&\,\frac{2.8(0.848642187\ldots)}{D}\\
+&\,\frac{2.9(0.142002276\ldots)}{D}\\
=&\,2.814334332\ldots.
\end{align*} ≈ + = + = α D 2.8∣ f ( 2.9 ) ∣ D 2.9∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ D 2.8 ( 0.848642187 … ) D 2.9 ( 0.142002276 … ) 2.814334332 … .
Therefore,
α ≈ 2.814 (3 d.p.) . \boxed{\alpha\approx2.814}\quad\text{(3 d.p.)}. α ≈ 2.814 (3 d.p.) .
解法二
思路
展开
把插值直线与 x x x 轴的交点到左端点 x = 2.8 x=2.8 x = 2.8 的水平距离记为 h h h 。利用相似三角形,水平距离占整个区间的比例,等于左端点函数值到零的距离占两个端点函数值总距离的比例。先求 h h h ,再加回 2.8 2.8 2.8 。
答题过程
展开
Let h h h be the horizontal distance from x = 2.8 x=2.8 x = 2.8 to the x x x -intercept of the straight line through the two endpoints.
The interval width is
2.9 − 2.8 = 0.1. 2.9-2.8=0.1. 2.9 − 2.8 = 0.1.
Since the endpoint values have opposite signs, similar triangles give
h 0.1 = ∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ ∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ + ∣ f ( 2.9 ) ∣ . \frac{h}{0.1}
=
\frac{|f(2.8)|}
{|f(2.8)|+|f(2.9)|}. 0.1 h = ∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ + ∣ f ( 2.9 ) ∣ ∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ .
Using
D = ∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ + ∣ f ( 2.9 ) ∣ = 0.990644463 … , \begin{align*}
D=&\,|f(2.8)|+|f(2.9)|\\
=&\,0.990644463\ldots,
\end{align*} D = = ∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ + ∣ f ( 2.9 ) ∣ 0.990644463 … ,
we obtain
h = 0.1 ∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ D = 0.1 ( 0.142002276 … ) D = 0.014334332 … . \begin{align*}
h=&\,\frac{0.1|f(2.8)|}{D}\\
=&\,\frac{0.1(0.142002276\ldots)}{D}\\
=&\,0.014334332\ldots.
\end{align*} h = = = D 0.1∣ f ( 2.8 ) ∣ D 0.1 ( 0.142002276 … ) 0.014334332 … .
Hence
α ≈ 2.8 + h = 2.8 + 0.014334332 … = 2.814334332 … , \begin{align*}
\alpha\approx&\,2.8+h\\
=&\,2.8+0.014334332\ldots\\
=&\,2.814334332\ldots,
\end{align*} α ≈ = = 2.8 + h 2.8 + 0.014334332 … 2.814334332 … ,
so
α ≈ 2.814 (3 d.p.) . \boxed{\alpha\approx2.814}\quad\text{(3 d.p.)}. α ≈ 2.814 (3 d.p.) .