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FP1 2023 May Q3

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2023 May Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

3. The rectangular hyperbola HH has Cartesian equation xy=9xy=9

The point PP with coordinates (3t,3t)\Big(3t,\dfrac3t\Big), where t≠0t\neq0, lies on HH

(a) Use calculus to determine an equation for the normal to HH at the point PP

Give your answer in the form ty−t3x=f(t)ty-t^3x=f(t)

(4)

Given that t=2t=2

(b) determine the coordinates of the point where the normal meets HH again.

Give your answer in simplest form.

(3)
题目中文翻译
  1. 等轴双曲线 HH 的直角坐标方程为 xy=9xy=9。

点 P(3t,3t)P\Big(3t,\dfrac3t\Big)(其中 t≠0t\neq0)在 HH 上。

(a) 使用微积分求双曲线 HH 在点 PP 处的法线方程。

答案写成 ty−t3x=f(t)ty-t^3x=f(t) 的形式。

(4)

已知 t=2t=2。

(b) 求法线再次与 HH 相交之点的坐标,答案写成最简形式。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

对 xy=9xy=9 隐函数求导,在 PP 处得到切线斜率,再取负倒数得到法线斜率。最后用点斜式写法线,并整理为题目指定形式。

答题过程

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Differentiating xy=9xy=9 implicitly with respect to xx,

xdydx+y=0,x\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}+y=0,

so

dydx=−yx.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=-\frac yx.

At P(3t,3/t)P\left(3t,3/t\right), the tangent gradient is

mT=−3/t3t=−1t2.m_T=-\frac{3/t}{3t}=-\frac1{t^2}.

Hence the normal gradient is mN=t2m_N=t^2. Its equation is

y−3t=t2(x−3t).y-\frac3t=t^2(x-3t).

Multiplying by the non-zero parameter tt gives

ty−3=t3x−3t4.ty-3=t^3x-3t^4.

Rearranging,

ty−t3x=3−3t4,\boxed{ty-t^3x=3-3t^4},

so f(t)=3−3t4f(t)=3-3t^4.

解法二

思路

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也可以先把双曲线写成显函数 y=9x−1y=9x^{-1},直接对幂函数求导。代入 x=3tx=3t 后,后续法线步骤相同。

答题过程

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Writing y=9x−1y=9x^{-1} and differentiating,

dydx=−9x−2.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=-9x^{-2}.

At x=3tx=3t,

mT=−9(3t)2=−1t2,m_T=-\frac9{(3t)^2}=-\frac1{t^2},

so mN=t2m_N=t^2. Therefore,

y−3t= t2(x−3t),ty−3= t3x−3t4.\begin{align*} y-\frac3t=&\,t^2(x-3t),\\ ty-3=&\,t^3x-3t^4. \end{align*}

Hence

ty−t3x=3−3t4.\boxed{ty-t^3x=3-3t^4}.

解法三

思路

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也可把点的表示视为双曲线的参数方程,分别对参数求导,再用参数导数的比求切线斜率。

dydx=dy/dtdx/dt.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =\frac{\mathrm{d}y/\mathrm{d}t}{\mathrm{d}x/\mathrm{d}t}.

答题过程

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Using

x= 3t,y= 3t−1,\begin{align*} x=&\,3t,\\ y=&\,3t^{-1}, \end{align*}

we have

dxdt= 3,dydt= −3t−2.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=&\,3,\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t}=&\,-3t^{-2}. \end{align*}

Thus

dydx=−3t−23=−1t2.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =\frac{-3t^{-2}}3 =-\frac1{t^2}.

The normal gradient is therefore t2t^2, so

y−3t= t2(x−3t),ty−3= t3x−3t4,ty−t3x= 3−3t4.\begin{align*} y-\frac3t=&\,t^2(x-3t),\\ ty-3=&\,t^3x-3t^4,\\ ty-t^3x=&\,3-3t^4. \end{align*}

Hence

ty−t3x=3−3t4.\boxed{ty-t^3x=3-3t^4}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

把 t=2t=2 代入 (a) 的法线方程,再用法线表示 yy 并代入 xy=9xy=9。所得二次方程的一个根对应已知点 PP,另一个根就是再次相交点的横坐标。

答题过程

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When t=2t=2, the normal is

2y−8x= 3−3(24)= 3−48= −45,\begin{align*} 2y-8x=&\,3-3(2^4)\\ =&\,3-48\\ =&\,-45, \end{align*}

so

y=4x−452.y=4x-\frac{45}{2}.

Substituting into xy=9xy=9,

x(4x−452)=9.x\Big(4x-\frac{45}{2}\Big)=9.

Hence

8x2−45x−18= 0,8x2−48x+3x−18= 0,8x(x−6)+3(x−6)= 0,(8x+3)(x−6)= 0.\begin{align*} 8x^2-45x-18=&\,0,\\ 8x^2-48x+3x-18=&\,0,\\ 8x(x-6)+3(x-6)=&\,0,\\ (8x+3)(x-6)=&\,0. \end{align*}

The root x=6x=6 corresponds to P=(6,3/2)P=(6,3/2). At the other intersection,

x=−38.x=-\frac38.

Using xy=9xy=9,

y=9−3/8=−24.y=\frac9{-3/8}=-24.

Therefore the normal meets HH again at

(−38,−24).\boxed{\Big(-\frac38,-24\Big)}.

解法二

思路

展开

也可以改为消去 xx。由法线方程把 xx 表示成 yy,代入 xy=9xy=9 后直接求纵坐标,再排除已知点 PP。

答题过程

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From

2y−8x=−45,2y-8x=-45,

we obtain

x=y4+458.x=\frac y4+\frac{45}{8}.

Substituting into xy=9xy=9 gives

y(y4+458)=9.y\Big(\frac y4+\frac{45}{8}\Big)=9.

Therefore,

 2y2+45y−72=0, 2y2+48y−3y−72=0, 2y(y+24) −3(y+24)=0, (2y−3)(y+24)=0.\begin{align*} &\,2y^2+45y-72=0,\\ &\,2y^2+48y-3y-72=0,\\ &\,2y(y+24)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-3(y+24)=0,\\ &\,(2y-3)(y+24)=0. \end{align*}

The root y=3/2y=3/2 corresponds to PP. At the other intersection, y=−24y=-24, and hence

x=9−24=−38.x=\frac9{-24}=-\frac38.

Therefore the required point is

(−38,−24).\boxed{\Big(-\frac38,-24\Big)}.