题目
Problem
7. f ( x ) = x 3 2 + x − 3 f(x) = x^{\frac{3}{2}} + x - 3 f ( x ) = x 2 3 + x − 3
(a) Show that the equation f ( x ) = 0 f(x) = 0 f ( x ) = 0 has a root, α \alpha α , in the interval [ 1 , 2 ] [1, 2] [ 1 , 2 ]
(2)
(b) Starting with the interval [ 1 , 2 ] [1, 2] [ 1 , 2 ] , use interval bisection twice to show that α \alpha α lies in the interval [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] [1.25, 1.5] [ 1.25 , 1.5 ]
(3)
(c) (i) Determine f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f ′ ( x )
(ii) Using 1.375 1.375 1.375 as a first approximation for α \alpha α , apply the Newton-Raphson process once to f ( x ) f(x) f ( x ) to determine a second approximation for α \alpha α , giving your answer to 3 decimal places.
(3)
(d) Use linear interpolation once on the interval [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] [1.25, 1.5] [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] to obtain a different approximation for α \alpha α , giving your answer to 3 decimal places.
(3)
题目中文翻译
f ( x ) = x 3 2 + x − 3 f(x) = x^{\frac{3}{2}} + x - 3 f ( x ) = x 2 3 + x − 3
(a) 证明方程 f ( x ) = 0 f(x) = 0 f ( x ) = 0 在区间 [ 1 , 2 ] [1, 2] [ 1 , 2 ] 内有一个根 α \alpha α 。
(b) 从区间 [ 1 , 2 ] [1, 2] [ 1 , 2 ] 开始,使用两次区间二分法证明 α \alpha α 在区间 [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] [1.25, 1.5] [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] 内。
(c) (i) 求 f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f ′ ( x ) 。
(ii) 取 1.375 1.375 1.375 作为 α \alpha α 的第一个近似值,对 f ( x ) f(x) f ( x ) 应用一次 Newton-Raphson 法,确定 α \alpha α 的第二个近似值,答案保留 3 位小数。
(d) 在区间 [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] [1.25, 1.5] [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] 上使用一次线性插值,得到 α \alpha α 的另一个近似值,答案保留 3 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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计算区间两端的函数值。函数在该区间连续且端点函数值异号,因此由介值定理可知区间内存在一个根。
答题过程
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The function f f f is continuous on [ 1 , 2 ] [1,2] [ 1 , 2 ] , and
f ( 1 ) = 1 3 / 2 + 1 − 3 = − 1 < 0 , f(1)=1^{3/2}+1-3=-1<0, f ( 1 ) = 1 3/2 + 1 − 3 = − 1 < 0 ,
while
f ( 2 ) = 2 3 / 2 + 2 − 3 = 2 2 − 1 > 0. f(2)=2^{3/2}+2-3=2\sqrt2-1>0. f ( 2 ) = 2 3/2 + 2 − 3 = 2 2 − 1 > 0.
Since f f f changes sign on [ 1 , 2 ] [1,2] [ 1 , 2 ] , there is a root α ∈ [ 1 , 2 ] \alpha\in[1,2] α ∈ [ 1 , 2 ] .
(b)
解法一
思路
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从 [ 1 , 2 ] [1,2] [ 1 , 2 ] 开始连续取两次中点。第一次用 f ( 1.5 ) > 0 f(1.5)>0 f ( 1.5 ) > 0 保留左半区间,第二次用 f ( 1.25 ) < 0 f(1.25)<0 f ( 1.25 ) < 0 保留右半区间。
答题过程
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The midpoint of [ 1 , 2 ] [1,2] [ 1 , 2 ] is 1.5 1.5 1.5 , and
f ( 1.5 ) = 1.5 3 / 2 + 1.5 − 3 = 0.3371 … > 0. f(1.5)=1.5^{3/2}+1.5-3=0.3371\ldots>0. f ( 1.5 ) = 1. 5 3/2 + 1.5 − 3 = 0.3371 … > 0.
Since f ( 1 ) < 0 f(1)<0 f ( 1 ) < 0 , the root lies in [ 1 , 1.5 ] [1,1.5] [ 1 , 1.5 ] .
The midpoint of this interval is 1.25 1.25 1.25 , and
f ( 1.25 ) = 1.25 3 / 2 + 1.25 − 3 = − 0.3525 … < 0. f(1.25)=1.25^{3/2}+1.25-3=-0.3525\ldots<0. f ( 1.25 ) = 1.2 5 3/2 + 1.25 − 3 = − 0.3525 … < 0.
Since f ( 1.5 ) > 0 f(1.5)>0 f ( 1.5 ) > 0 ,
α ∈ [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] . \boxed{\alpha\in[1.25,1.5]}. α ∈ [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] .
(c)(i)
解法一
思路
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对幂函数逐项求导,常数项的导数为零。
答题过程
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f ′ ( x ) = 3 2 x 1 / 2 + 1 . \boxed{f'(x)=\frac32x^{1/2}+1}. f ′ ( x ) = 2 3 x 1/2 + 1 .
(c)(ii)
解法一
思路
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把初始近似值 x 0 = 1.375 x_0=1.375 x 0 = 1.375 代入 Newton-Raphson 公式 x 1 = x 0 − f ( x 0 ) / f ′ ( x 0 ) x_1=x_0-f(x_0)/f'(x_0) x 1 = x 0 − f ( x 0 ) / f ′ ( x 0 ) ,进行一次迭代。
答题过程
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Using
x n + 1 = x n − f ( x n ) f ′ ( x n ) x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)} x n + 1 = x n − f ′ ( x n ) f ( x n )
with x 0 = 1.375 x_0=1.375 x 0 = 1.375 ,
x 1 = 1.375 − 1.375 3 / 2 + 1.375 − 3 3 2 1.375 + 1 = 1.379592 … \begin{align*}
x_1
=&\,1.375-
\frac{1.375^{3/2}+1.375-3}
{\frac32\sqrt{1.375}+1}\\
=&\,1.379592\ldots
\end{align*} x 1 = = 1.375 − 2 3 1.375 + 1 1.37 5 3/2 + 1.375 − 3 1.379592 …
Therefore, to 3 3 3 decimal places,
α ≈ 1.380 . \boxed{\alpha\approx1.380}. α ≈ 1.380 .
(d)
解法一
思路
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用端点 ( 1.25 , f ( 1.25 ) ) (1.25,f(1.25)) ( 1.25 , f ( 1.25 )) 与 ( 1.5 , f ( 1.5 ) ) (1.5,f(1.5)) ( 1.5 , f ( 1.5 )) 之间的直线近似曲线。按两侧竖直距离的比例分配区间长度,即可估计直线与 x x x 轴的交点。
答题过程
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Using linear interpolation,
α − 1.25 1.5 − α = 0.3524575 … 0.3371173 … . \frac{\alpha-1.25}{1.5-\alpha}
=\frac{0.3524575\ldots}{0.3371173\ldots}. 1.5 − α α − 1.25 = 0.3371173 … 0.3524575 … .
Equivalently,
α = 1.25 + 0.3524575 … 0.3524575 … + 0.3371173 … ( 1.5 − 1.25 ) = 1.377780 … \begin{align*}
\alpha
=&\,1.25+
\frac{0.3524575\ldots}
{0.3524575\ldots+0.3371173\ldots}
(1.5-1.25)\\
=&\,1.377780\ldots
\end{align*} α = = 1.25 + 0.3524575 … + 0.3371173 … 0.3524575 … ( 1.5 − 1.25 ) 1.377780 …
Therefore, to 3 3 3 decimal places,
α ≈ 1.378 . \boxed{\alpha\approx1.378}. α ≈ 1.378 .