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FP1 2023 May Q7

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2023 May Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

7. f(x)=x32+x−3f(x) = x^{\frac{3}{2}} + x - 3

(a) Show that the equation f(x)=0f(x) = 0 has a root, α\alpha, in the interval [1,2][1, 2]

(2)

(b) Starting with the interval [1,2][1, 2], use interval bisection twice to show that α\alpha lies in the interval [1.25,1.5][1.25, 1.5]

(3)

(c) (i) Determine f′(x)f'(x)

(ii) Using 1.3751.375 as a first approximation for α\alpha, apply the Newton-Raphson process once to f(x)f(x) to determine a second approximation for α\alpha, giving your answer to 3 decimal places.

(3)

(d) Use linear interpolation once on the interval [1.25,1.5][1.25, 1.5] to obtain a different approximation for α\alpha, giving your answer to 3 decimal places.

(3)
题目中文翻译
  1. f(x)=x32+x−3f(x) = x^{\frac{3}{2}} + x - 3

(a) 证明方程 f(x)=0f(x) = 0 在区间 [1,2][1, 2] 内有一个根 α\alpha。

(2)

(b) 从区间 [1,2][1, 2] 开始,使用两次区间二分法证明 α\alpha 在区间 [1.25,1.5][1.25, 1.5] 内。

(3)

(c) (i) 求 f′(x)f'(x)。

(ii) 取 1.3751.375 作为 α\alpha 的第一个近似值,对 f(x)f(x) 应用一次 Newton-Raphson 法,确定 α\alpha 的第二个近似值,答案保留 3 位小数。

(3)

(d) 在区间 [1.25,1.5][1.25, 1.5] 上使用一次线性插值,得到 α\alpha 的另一个近似值,答案保留 3 位小数。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

计算区间两端的函数值。函数在该区间连续且端点函数值异号,因此由介值定理可知区间内存在一个根。

答题过程

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The function ff is continuous on [1,2][1,2], and

f(1)= 13/2+1−3= −1<0,\begin{align*} f(1)=&\,1^{3/2}+1-3\\ =&\,-1<0, \end{align*}

while

f(2)= 23/2+2−3= 22−1>0.\begin{align*} f(2)=&\,2^{3/2}+2-3\\ =&\,2\sqrt2-1>0. \end{align*}

Since ff changes sign on [1,2][1,2], there is a root α∈[1,2]\alpha\in[1,2].

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

从 [1,2][1,2] 开始连续取两次中点。第一次用 f(1.5)>0f(1.5)>0 保留左半区间,第二次用 f(1.25)<0f(1.25)<0 保留右半区间。

答题过程

展开

The first midpoint is

1+22=1.5.\frac{1+2}{2}=1.5.

At this point,

 f(1.5)= 1.53/2+1.5−3= 0.3371173070…>0.\begin{align*} &\,f(1.5)\\ =&\,1.5^{3/2}+1.5-3\\ =&\,0.3371173070\ldots>0. \end{align*}

Since f(1)<0f(1)<0, the root lies in [1,1.5][1,1.5].

The second midpoint is

1+1.52=1.25.\frac{1+1.5}{2}=1.25.

Then

 f(1.25)= 1.253/2+1.25−3= −0.3524575140…<0.\begin{align*} &\,f(1.25)\\ =&\,1.25^{3/2}+1.25-3\\ =&\,-0.3524575140\ldots<0. \end{align*}

Since f(1.5)>0f(1.5)>0,

α∈[1.25,1.5].\boxed{\alpha\in[1.25,1.5]}.

(c)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

对幂函数逐项求导,常数项的导数为零。

答题过程

展开 f′(x)=32x1/2+1.\boxed{f'(x)=\frac32x^{1/2}+1}.

(c)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

把初始近似值 x0=1.375x_0=1.375 代入下面的 Newton-Raphson 公式,进行一次迭代。

x1=x0−f(x0)f′(x0).x_1=x_0-\frac{f(x_0)}{f'(x_0)}.

答题过程

展开

Using

xn+1=xn−f(xn)f′(xn)x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)}

with x0=1.375x_0=1.375, first calculate

 f(1.375)= 1.3753/2+1.375−3= −0.01266958256…\begin{align*} &\,f(1.375)\\ =&\,1.375^{3/2}+1.375-3\\ =&\,-0.01266958256\ldots \end{align*}

and

 f′(1.375)= 321.375+1= 2.758905909…\begin{align*} &\,f'(1.375)\\ =&\,\frac32\sqrt{1.375}+1\\ =&\,2.758905909\ldots \end{align*}

Write F=f(1.375)F=f(1.375) and D=f′(1.375)D=f'(1.375). Then

 FD= −0.01266958256…2.758905909….\begin{align*} &\,\frac FD\\ =&\,\frac{-0.01266958256\ldots}{2.758905909\ldots}. \end{align*}

Therefore

 x1= 1.375−FD= 1.379592…\begin{align*} &\,x_1\\ =&\,1.375-\frac FD\\ =&\,1.379592\ldots \end{align*}

Therefore, to 33 decimal places,

α≈1.380.\boxed{\alpha\approx1.380}.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

用端点 (1.25,f(1.25))(1.25,f(1.25)) 与 (1.5,f(1.5))(1.5,f(1.5)) 之间的直线近似曲线。按两侧竖直距离的比例分配区间长度,即可估计直线与 xx 轴的交点。

答题过程

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Let A=f(1.25)A=f(1.25) and B=f(1.5)B=f(1.5). From part (b),

A=−0.3524575140…,A=-0.3524575140\ldots, B=0.3371173070…B=0.3371173070\ldots

Using linear interpolation,

α−1.251.5−α=0.3524575…0.3371173….\frac{\alpha-1.25}{1.5-\alpha} =\frac{0.3524575\ldots}{0.3371173\ldots}.

To use the whole interval width, calculate

 B−A= 0.3371173070… +0.3524575140…= 0.6895748211…\begin{align*} &\,B-A\\ =&\,0.3371173070\ldots\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+0.3524575140\ldots\\ =&\,0.6895748211\ldots \end{align*}

and 1.5−1.25=0.251.5-1.25=0.25. Equivalently,

 α= 1.25 +−AB−A ×(1.5−1.25)= 1.25 +0.3524575140…0.6895748211… ×0.25= 1.377780…\begin{align*} &\,\alpha\\ =&\,1.25\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{-A}{B-A}\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}\times(1.5-1.25)\\ =&\,1.25\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{0.3524575140\ldots}{0.6895748211\ldots}\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}\times0.25\\ =&\,1.377780\ldots \end{align*}

Therefore, to 33 decimal places,

α≈1.378.\boxed{\alpha\approx1.378}.

解法二

思路

展开

先求通过两个端点的直线方程,再令 y=0y=0 求直线与 xx 轴交点的横坐标。这就是一次线性插值。

答题过程

展开

Let A=f(1.25)A=f(1.25) and B=f(1.5)B=f(1.5). The gradient of the line through the two endpoint values is

m= B−A1.5−1.25= 0.6895748211…0.25= 2.758299284…\begin{align*} m=&\,\frac{B-A}{1.5-1.25}\\ =&\,\frac{0.6895748211\ldots}{0.25}\\ =&\,2.758299284\ldots \end{align*}

Using the point (1.25,A)(1.25,A), its equation is

y−A=m(x−1.25).y-A=m(x-1.25).

At the xx-intercept, y=0y=0, so

−A=m(x−1.25).-A=m(x-1.25).

Hence

 x= 1.25−Am= 1.25 −−0.3524575140…2.758299284…= 1.377780736…\begin{align*} &\,x\\ =&\,1.25-\frac{A}{m}\\ =&\,1.25\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-\frac{-0.3524575140\ldots}{2.758299284\ldots}\\ =&\,1.377780736\ldots \end{align*}

Therefore, to 33 decimal places,

α≈1.378.\boxed{\alpha\approx1.378}.

The calculations use unrounded endpoint values throughout.