题目
Problem
7. f ( x ) = x 3 2 + x − 3 f(x) = x^{\frac{3}{2}} + x - 3 f ( x ) = x 2 3 + x − 3
(a) Show that the equation f ( x ) = 0 f(x) = 0 f ( x ) = 0 has a root, α \alpha α , in the interval [ 1 , 2 ] [1, 2] [ 1 , 2 ]
(2)
(b) Starting with the interval [ 1 , 2 ] [1, 2] [ 1 , 2 ] , use interval bisection twice to show that α \alpha α lies in the interval [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] [1.25, 1.5] [ 1.25 , 1.5 ]
(3)
(c) (i) Determine f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f ′ ( x )
(ii) Using 1.375 1.375 1.375 as a first approximation for α \alpha α , apply the Newton-Raphson process once to f ( x ) f(x) f ( x ) to determine a second approximation for α \alpha α , giving your answer to 3 decimal places.
(3)
(d) Use linear interpolation once on the interval [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] [1.25, 1.5] [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] to obtain a different approximation for α \alpha α , giving your answer to 3 decimal places.
(3)
题目中文翻译
f ( x ) = x 3 2 + x − 3 f(x) = x^{\frac{3}{2}} + x - 3 f ( x ) = x 2 3 + x − 3
(a) 证明方程 f ( x ) = 0 f(x) = 0 f ( x ) = 0 在区间 [ 1 , 2 ] [1, 2] [ 1 , 2 ] 内有一个根 α \alpha α 。
(2)
(b) 从区间 [ 1 , 2 ] [1, 2] [ 1 , 2 ] 开始,使用两次区间二分法证明 α \alpha α 在区间 [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] [1.25, 1.5] [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] 内。
(3)
(c) (i) 求 f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f ′ ( x ) 。
(ii) 取 1.375 1.375 1.375 作为 α \alpha α 的第一个近似值,对 f ( x ) f(x) f ( x ) 应用一次 Newton-Raphson 法,确定 α \alpha α 的第二个近似值,答案保留 3 位小数。
(3)
(d) 在区间 [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] [1.25, 1.5] [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] 上使用一次线性插值,得到 α \alpha α 的另一个近似值,答案保留 3 位小数。
(3)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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计算区间两端的函数值。函数在该区间连续且端点函数值异号,因此由介值定理可知区间内存在一个根。
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The function f f f is continuous on [ 1 , 2 ] [1,2] [ 1 , 2 ] , and
f ( 1 ) = 1 3 / 2 + 1 − 3 = − 1 < 0 , \begin{align*}
f(1)=&\,1^{3/2}+1-3\\
=&\,-1<0,
\end{align*} f ( 1 ) = = 1 3/2 + 1 − 3 − 1 < 0 ,
while
f ( 2 ) = 2 3 / 2 + 2 − 3 = 2 2 − 1 > 0. \begin{align*}
f(2)=&\,2^{3/2}+2-3\\
=&\,2\sqrt2-1>0.
\end{align*} f ( 2 ) = = 2 3/2 + 2 − 3 2 2 − 1 > 0.
Since f f f changes sign on [ 1 , 2 ] [1,2] [ 1 , 2 ] , there is a root α ∈ [ 1 , 2 ] \alpha\in[1,2] α ∈ [ 1 , 2 ] .
(b)
解法一
思路
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从 [ 1 , 2 ] [1,2] [ 1 , 2 ] 开始连续取两次中点。第一次用 f ( 1.5 ) > 0 f(1.5)>0 f ( 1.5 ) > 0 保留左半区间,第二次用 f ( 1.25 ) < 0 f(1.25)<0 f ( 1.25 ) < 0 保留右半区间。
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The first midpoint is
1 + 2 2 = 1.5. \frac{1+2}{2}=1.5. 2 1 + 2 = 1.5.
At this point,
f ( 1.5 ) = 1.5 3 / 2 + 1.5 − 3 = 0.3371173070 … > 0. \begin{align*}
&\,f(1.5)\\
=&\,1.5^{3/2}+1.5-3\\
=&\,0.3371173070\ldots>0.
\end{align*} = = f ( 1.5 ) 1. 5 3/2 + 1.5 − 3 0.3371173070 … > 0.
Since f ( 1 ) < 0 f(1)<0 f ( 1 ) < 0 , the root lies in [ 1 , 1.5 ] [1,1.5] [ 1 , 1.5 ] .
The second midpoint is
1 + 1.5 2 = 1.25. \frac{1+1.5}{2}=1.25. 2 1 + 1.5 = 1.25.
Then
f ( 1.25 ) = 1.25 3 / 2 + 1.25 − 3 = − 0.3524575140 … < 0. \begin{align*}
&\,f(1.25)\\
=&\,1.25^{3/2}+1.25-3\\
=&\,-0.3524575140\ldots<0.
\end{align*} = = f ( 1.25 ) 1.2 5 3/2 + 1.25 − 3 − 0.3524575140 … < 0.
Since f ( 1.5 ) > 0 f(1.5)>0 f ( 1.5 ) > 0 ,
α ∈ [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] . \boxed{\alpha\in[1.25,1.5]}. α ∈ [ 1.25 , 1.5 ] .
(c)(i)
解法一
思路
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对幂函数逐项求导,常数项的导数为零。
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f ′ ( x ) = 3 2 x 1 / 2 + 1 . \boxed{f'(x)=\frac32x^{1/2}+1}. f ′ ( x ) = 2 3 x 1/2 + 1 .
(c)(ii)
解法一
思路
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把初始近似值 x 0 = 1.375 x_0=1.375 x 0 = 1.375 代入下面的 Newton-Raphson 公式,进行一次迭代。
x 1 = x 0 − f ( x 0 ) f ′ ( x 0 ) . x_1=x_0-\frac{f(x_0)}{f'(x_0)}. x 1 = x 0 − f ′ ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) .
答题过程
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Using
x n + 1 = x n − f ( x n ) f ′ ( x n ) x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)} x n + 1 = x n − f ′ ( x n ) f ( x n )
with x 0 = 1.375 x_0=1.375 x 0 = 1.375 , first calculate
f ( 1.375 ) = 1.375 3 / 2 + 1.375 − 3 = − 0.01266958256 … \begin{align*}
&\,f(1.375)\\
=&\,1.375^{3/2}+1.375-3\\
=&\,-0.01266958256\ldots
\end{align*} = = f ( 1.375 ) 1.37 5 3/2 + 1.375 − 3 − 0.01266958256 …
and
f ′ ( 1.375 ) = 3 2 1.375 + 1 = 2.758905909 … \begin{align*}
&\,f'(1.375)\\
=&\,\frac32\sqrt{1.375}+1\\
=&\,2.758905909\ldots
\end{align*} = = f ′ ( 1.375 ) 2 3 1.375 + 1 2.758905909 …
Write F = f ( 1.375 ) F=f(1.375) F = f ( 1.375 ) and D = f ′ ( 1.375 ) D=f'(1.375) D = f ′ ( 1.375 ) . Then
F D = − 0.01266958256 … 2.758905909 … . \begin{align*}
&\,\frac FD\\
=&\,\frac{-0.01266958256\ldots}{2.758905909\ldots}.
\end{align*} = D F 2.758905909 … − 0.01266958256 … .
Therefore
x 1 = 1.375 − F D = 1.379592 … \begin{align*}
&\,x_1\\
=&\,1.375-\frac FD\\
=&\,1.379592\ldots
\end{align*} = = x 1 1.375 − D F 1.379592 …
Therefore, to 3 3 3 decimal places,
α ≈ 1.380 . \boxed{\alpha\approx1.380}. α ≈ 1.380 .
(d)
解法一
思路
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用端点 ( 1.25 , f ( 1.25 ) ) (1.25,f(1.25)) ( 1.25 , f ( 1.25 )) 与 ( 1.5 , f ( 1.5 ) ) (1.5,f(1.5)) ( 1.5 , f ( 1.5 )) 之间的直线近似曲线。按两侧竖直距离的比例分配区间长度,即可估计直线与 x x x 轴的交点。
答题过程
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Let A = f ( 1.25 ) A=f(1.25) A = f ( 1.25 ) and B = f ( 1.5 ) B=f(1.5) B = f ( 1.5 ) . From part (b),
A = − 0.3524575140 … , A=-0.3524575140\ldots, A = − 0.3524575140 … ,
B = 0.3371173070 … B=0.3371173070\ldots B = 0.3371173070 …
Using linear interpolation,
α − 1.25 1.5 − α = 0.3524575 … 0.3371173 … . \frac{\alpha-1.25}{1.5-\alpha}
=\frac{0.3524575\ldots}{0.3371173\ldots}. 1.5 − α α − 1.25 = 0.3371173 … 0.3524575 … .
To use the whole interval width, calculate
B − A = 0.3371173070 … + 0.3524575140 … = 0.6895748211 … \begin{align*}
&\,B-A\\
=&\,0.3371173070\ldots\\
&\,\hspace{2pt}+0.3524575140\ldots\\
=&\,0.6895748211\ldots
\end{align*} = = B − A 0.3371173070 … + 0.3524575140 … 0.6895748211 …
and 1.5 − 1.25 = 0.25 1.5-1.25=0.25 1.5 − 1.25 = 0.25 . Equivalently,
α = 1.25 + − A B − A × ( 1.5 − 1.25 ) = 1.25 + 0.3524575140 … 0.6895748211 … × 0.25 = 1.377780 … \begin{align*}
&\,\alpha\\
=&\,1.25\\
&\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{-A}{B-A}\\
&\,\hspace{4pt}\times(1.5-1.25)\\
=&\,1.25\\
&\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{0.3524575140\ldots}{0.6895748211\ldots}\\
&\,\hspace{4pt}\times0.25\\
=&\,1.377780\ldots
\end{align*} = = = α 1.25 + B − A − A × ( 1.5 − 1.25 ) 1.25 + 0.6895748211 … 0.3524575140 … × 0.25 1.377780 …
Therefore, to 3 3 3 decimal places,
α ≈ 1.378 . \boxed{\alpha\approx1.378}. α ≈ 1.378 .
解法二
思路
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先求通过两个端点的直线方程,再令 y = 0 y=0 y = 0 求直线与 x x x 轴交点的横坐标。这就是一次线性插值。
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Let A = f ( 1.25 ) A=f(1.25) A = f ( 1.25 ) and B = f ( 1.5 ) B=f(1.5) B = f ( 1.5 ) . The gradient of the line through the two endpoint values is
m = B − A 1.5 − 1.25 = 0.6895748211 … 0.25 = 2.758299284 … \begin{align*}
m=&\,\frac{B-A}{1.5-1.25}\\
=&\,\frac{0.6895748211\ldots}{0.25}\\
=&\,2.758299284\ldots
\end{align*} m = = = 1.5 − 1.25 B − A 0.25 0.6895748211 … 2.758299284 …
Using the point ( 1.25 , A ) (1.25,A) ( 1.25 , A ) , its equation is
y − A = m ( x − 1.25 ) . y-A=m(x-1.25). y − A = m ( x − 1.25 ) .
At the x x x -intercept, y = 0 y=0 y = 0 , so
− A = m ( x − 1.25 ) . -A=m(x-1.25). − A = m ( x − 1.25 ) .
Hence
x = 1.25 − A m = 1.25 − − 0.3524575140 … 2.758299284 … = 1.377780736 … \begin{align*}
&\,x\\
=&\,1.25-\frac{A}{m}\\
=&\,1.25\\
&\,\hspace{2pt}-\frac{-0.3524575140\ldots}{2.758299284\ldots}\\
=&\,1.377780736\ldots
\end{align*} = = = x 1.25 − m A 1.25 − 2.758299284 … − 0.3524575140 … 1.377780736 …
Therefore, to 3 3 3 decimal places,
α ≈ 1.378 . \boxed{\alpha\approx1.378}. α ≈ 1.378 .
The calculations use unrounded endpoint values throughout.