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FP1 2024 Jan Q4

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2024 Jan Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

A=(1003)\mathbf{A} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 3 \end{pmatrix}

(a) Describe the single geometrical transformation represented by the matrix A\mathbf{A}.

(2)

The matrix B\mathbf{B} represents a rotation of 210∘210^\circ anticlockwise about centre (0,0)(0, 0).

(b) Write down the matrix B\mathbf{B}, giving each element in exact form.

(1)

The transformation represented by matrix A\mathbf{A} followed by the transformation represented by matrix B\mathbf{B} is represented by the matrix C\mathbf{C}.

(c) Find C\mathbf{C}.

(2)

The hexagon HH is transformed onto the hexagon H′H' by the matrix C\mathbf{C}.

(d) Given that the area of hexagon HH is 55 square units, determine the area of hexagon H′H'.

(2)
题目中文翻译

已知矩阵

A=(1003)\mathbf{A} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 3 \end{pmatrix}

(a) 描述矩阵 A\mathbf{A} 所表示的单次几何变换。

(2)

矩阵 B\mathbf{B} 表示绕原点 (0,0)(0, 0) 逆时针旋转 210∘210^\circ 的变换。

(b) 直接写出矩阵 B\mathbf{B},每个元素以精确形式表示。

(1)

矩阵 A\mathbf{A} 所表示的变换后接矩阵 B\mathbf{B} 所表示的变换,由矩阵 C\mathbf{C} 表示。

(c) 求矩阵 C\mathbf{C}。

(2)

六边形 HH 经矩阵 C\mathbf{C} 变换后得到六边形 H′H'。

(d) 已知六边形 HH 的面积为 55 平方单位,确定六边形 H′H' 的面积。

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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矩阵使 xx 坐标保持不变、yy 坐标乘以 3,因此这是沿 yy 轴方向的伸缩。

答题过程

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The matrix represents a stretch with scale factor 3 parallel to the yy-axis.

(b)

解法一

思路

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把 210∘210^\circ 代入标准逆时针旋转矩阵,并使用 cos⁡210∘=−3/2\cos210^\circ=-\sqrt3/2、sin⁡210∘=−1/2\sin210^\circ=-1/2。

答题过程

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Since

cos⁡210∘=−32\cos210^\circ=-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}

and

sin⁡210∘=−12,\sin210^\circ=-\frac12,

the matrix for an anticlockwise rotation through 210∘210^\circ is

 B= (cos⁡210∘−sin⁡210∘sin⁡210∘cos⁡210∘)= (−3212−12−32).\begin{align*} &\,\mathbf B\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix} \cos210^\circ&-\sin210^\circ\\ \sin210^\circ&\cos210^\circ \end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\boxed{ \begin{pmatrix} -\dfrac{\sqrt3}{2}&\dfrac12\\ -\dfrac12&-\dfrac{\sqrt3}{2} \end{pmatrix}}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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先施行 A\mathbf A、再施行 B\mathbf B 时,列向量依次变为 x↦Ax↦BAx\mathbf x\mapsto\mathbf A\mathbf x\mapsto\mathbf B\mathbf A\mathbf x,所以合成矩阵是 BA\mathbf B\mathbf A,次序不能颠倒。

答题过程

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Since the transformation represented by A\mathbf A is followed by that represented by B\mathbf B,

 C= BA= (−3212−12−32) ×(1003)= (−3232−12−332).\begin{align*} &\,\mathbf C\\ =&\,\mathbf B\mathbf A\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix} -\dfrac{\sqrt3}{2}&\dfrac12\\ -\dfrac12&-\dfrac{\sqrt3}{2} \end{pmatrix}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}\times\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&3\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\boxed{ \begin{pmatrix} -\dfrac{\sqrt3}{2}&\dfrac32\\ -\dfrac12&-\dfrac{3\sqrt3}{2} \end{pmatrix}}. \end{align*}

Here the four entries are calculated as follows:

 c11= (−32)(1) +12(0)= −32,\begin{align*} &\,c_{11}\\ =&\,\Big(-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\Big)(1)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac12(0)\\ =&\,-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}, \end{align*}  c12= (−32)(0) +12(3)= 32,\begin{align*} &\,c_{12}\\ =&\,\Big(-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\Big)(0)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac12(3)\\ =&\,\frac32, \end{align*}  c21= (−12)(1) +(−32)(0)= −12,\begin{align*} &\,c_{21}\\ =&\,\Big(-\frac12\Big)(1)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\Big(-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\Big)(0)\\ =&\,-\frac12, \end{align*}

and

 c22= (−12)(0) +(−32)(3)= −332.\begin{align*} &\,c_{22}\\ =&\,\Big(-\frac12\Big)(0)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\Big(-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\Big)(3)\\ =&\,-\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}. \end{align*}

(d)

解法一

思路

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二维线性变换的面积倍率是矩阵行列式的绝对值。求出 ∣det⁡C∣|\det\mathbf C| 后乘以原六边形面积 5。

答题过程

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The two products in the determinant are

 U= (−32)(−332)= 94\begin{align*} &\,U\\ =&\,\Big(-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\Big) \Big(-\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}\Big)\\ =&\,\frac94 \end{align*}

and

 V= 32(−12)= −34.\begin{align*} &\,V\\ =&\,\frac32\Big(-\frac12\Big)\\ =&\,-\frac34. \end{align*}

Therefore, the area scale factor is

∣det⁡C∣= ∣U−V∣= ∣94−(−34)∣= ∣94+34∣= 3.\begin{align*} |\det\mathbf C|=&\,|U-V|\\ =&\,\Big|\frac94-\Big(-\frac34\Big)\Big|\\ =&\,\Big|\frac94+\frac34\Big|\\ =&\,3. \end{align*}

Therefore, the area of H′H' is

5×3= 15.\begin{align*} 5\times3=&\,15. \end{align*}

The area of H′H' is 15 square units.