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FP1 2024 May Q6

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2024 May Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

(a) Prove by induction that for n∈Z+n \in \mathbb{Z}^+

 (1r02)n= (1(2n−1)r02n)\begin{align*} &\,\begin{pmatrix} 1 & r \\ 0 & 2 \end{pmatrix}^n\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix} 1 & (2^n - 1)r \\ 0 & 2^n \end{pmatrix} \end{align*}

where rr is a constant.

(4)
M=(4005)\mathbf{M} = \begin{pmatrix} 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 5 \end{pmatrix} N=(1−202)4\mathbf{N} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 \\ 0 & 2 \end{pmatrix}^4

The transformation represented by matrix M\mathbf{M} followed by the transformation represented by matrix N\mathbf{N} is represented by the matrix B\mathbf{B}

(b) (i) Determine N\mathbf{N} in the form (abcd)\begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} where aa, bb, cc and dd are integers.

(ii) Determine B\mathbf{B}

(3)

Hexagon SS is transformed onto hexagon S′S' by matrix B\mathbf{B}

(c) Given that the area of S′S' is 720720 square units, determine the area of SS

(2)
题目中文翻译

(a) 用数学归纳法证明,对于所有正整数 n∈Z+n \in \mathbb{Z}^+,

 (1r02)n= (1(2n−1)r02n)\begin{align*} &\,\begin{pmatrix} 1 & r \\ 0 & 2 \end{pmatrix}^n\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix} 1 & (2^n - 1)r \\ 0 & 2^n \end{pmatrix} \end{align*}

其中 rr 为常数。

(4)

设

M=(4005)\mathbf{M} = \begin{pmatrix} 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 5 \end{pmatrix} N=(1−202)4\mathbf{N} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 \\ 0 & 2 \end{pmatrix}^4

先进行矩阵 M\mathbf{M} 代表的变换,再进行矩阵 N\mathbf{N} 代表的变换,其合成变换由矩阵 B\mathbf{B} 表示。

(b) (i) 将 N\mathbf{N} 表示为 (abcd)\begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} 的形式,其中 aa、bb、cc、dd 均为整数。

(ii) 确定 B\mathbf{B}。

(3)

六边形 SS 经矩阵 B\mathbf{B} 变换为六边形 S′S'。

(c) 已知 S′S' 的面积为 720720 平方单位,确定 SS 的面积。

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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先验证 n=1n=1。归纳步骤中,假设公式对 n=kn=k 成立,再用原矩阵左乘其 kk 次幂;矩阵乘法后重点整理右上角元素。

答题过程

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Let

A=(1r02).\mathbf A=\begin{pmatrix}1&r\\0&2\end{pmatrix}.

For n=1n=1,

 A= (1r02)= (1(21−1)r021),\begin{align*} &\,\mathbf A\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix}1&r\\0&2\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^1-1)r\\ 0&2^1 \end{pmatrix}, \end{align*}

so the result is true for n=1n=1.

Assume that the result is true for n=kn=k, where k∈Z+k\in\mathbb Z^+. Thus

Ak=(1(2k−1)r02k).\mathbf A^k =\begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^k-1)r\\ 0&2^k \end{pmatrix}.

Then

 Ak+1= AAk= (1r02) ×(1(2k−1)r02k)= (1(2k−1)r+2kr02k+1)= (1(2k+1−1)r02k+1).\begin{align*} &\,\mathbf A^{k+1}\\ =&\,\mathbf A\mathbf A^k\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix}1&r\\0&2\end{pmatrix}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}\times\begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^k-1)r\\ 0&2^k \end{pmatrix}\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^k-1)r+2^kr\\ 0&2^{k+1} \end{pmatrix}\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^{k+1}-1)r\\ 0&2^{k+1} \end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

In particular, the top-right entry simplifies as follows:

 (2k−1)r+2kr= (2k−1+2k)r= (2⋅2k−1)r= (2k+1−1)r.\begin{align*} &\,(2^k-1)r+2^kr\\ =&\,(2^k-1+2^k)r\\ =&\,(2\cdot2^k-1)r\\ =&\,(2^{k+1}-1)r. \end{align*}

Therefore, if the result is true for n=kn=k, it is true for n=k+1n=k+1. Since it is true for n=1n=1, by mathematical induction,

An=(1(2n−1)r02n)\boxed{ \mathbf A^n =\begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^n-1)r\\ 0&2^n \end{pmatrix} }

for all n∈Z+n\in\mathbb Z^+.

(b)

解法一

思路

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(i) 在 (a) 的公式中代入 r=−2r=-2、n=4n=4 即可求出 N\mathbf N。(ii) 先做 M\mathbf M 所表示的变换,再做 N\mathbf N 所表示的变换,因此合成矩阵的乘法顺序是 B=NM\mathbf B=\mathbf N\mathbf M。

答题过程

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(i)

Using part (a) with r=−2r=-2 and n=4n=4,

N= (1−202)4= (1(24−1)(−2)024)= (1−30016).\begin{align*} \mathbf N =&\, \begin{pmatrix}1&-2\\0&2\end{pmatrix}^4\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^4-1)(-2)\\ 0&2^4 \end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\boxed{ \begin{pmatrix}1&-30\\0&16\end{pmatrix}}. \end{align*}

(ii)

Since the transformation represented by M\mathbf M is followed by the transformation represented by N\mathbf N,

B= NM= (1−30016) ×(4005)= (4−150080).\begin{align*} \mathbf B =&\,\mathbf N\mathbf M\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix}1&-30\\0&16\end{pmatrix} \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}\times\begin{pmatrix}4&0\\0&5\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\boxed{ \begin{pmatrix}4&-150\\0&80\end{pmatrix}}. \end{align*}

Writing B=(bij)\mathbf B=(b_{ij}), its entries are

b11= 1(4)+(−30)(0)= 4,b12= 1(0)+(−30)(5)= −150,b21= 0(4)+16(0)= 0,b22= 0(0)+16(5)= 80.\begin{align*} b_{11}=&\,1(4)+(-30)(0)\\ =&\,4,\\ b_{12}=&\,1(0)+(-30)(5)\\ =&\,-150,\\ b_{21}=&\,0(4)+16(0)\\ =&\,0,\\ b_{22}=&\,0(0)+16(5)\\ =&\,80. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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二维线性变换把面积放大 ∣det⁡B∣|\det\mathbf B| 倍。先求面积比例,再用变换后面积除以该比例。

答题过程

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The area scale factor is

 ∣det⁡B∣= ∣4(80)−0(−150)∣= 320.\begin{align*} &\,\big|\det\mathbf B\big|\\ =&\,\big|4(80)-0(-150)\big|\\ =&\,320. \end{align*}

Therefore,

 Area⁡(S)= Area⁡(S′)320= 720320= 94.\begin{align*} &\,\operatorname{Area}(S)\\ =&\,\frac{\operatorname{Area}(S')}{320}\\ =&\,\frac{720}{320}\\ =&\,\boxed{\frac94}. \end{align*}

The area of SS is 94\frac94 square units.