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IAL 2024 May FP1 Q6

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2024 May Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

(a) Prove by induction that for nZ+n \in \mathbb{Z}^+

(1r02)n=(1(2n1)r02n)\begin{pmatrix} 1 & r \\ 0 & 2 \end{pmatrix}^n = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & (2^n - 1)r \\ 0 & 2^n \end{pmatrix}

where rr is a constant.

(4)

M=(4005)N=(1202)4\mathbf{M} = \begin{pmatrix} 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 5 \end{pmatrix} \quad \mathbf{N} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 \\ 0 & 2 \end{pmatrix}^4

The transformation represented by matrix M\mathbf{M} followed by the transformation represented by matrix N\mathbf{N} is represented by the matrix B\mathbf{B}

(b) (i) Determine N\mathbf{N} in the form (abcd)\begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} where aa, bb, cc and dd are integers.

(ii) Determine B\mathbf{B}

(3)

Hexagon SS is transformed onto hexagon SS' by matrix B\mathbf{B}

(c) Given that the area of SS' is 720720 square units, determine the area of SS

(2)
题目中文翻译

(a) 用数学归纳法证明,对于所有正整数 nZ+n \in \mathbb{Z}^+(1r02)n=(1(2n1)r02n)\begin{pmatrix} 1 & r \\ 0 & 2 \end{pmatrix}^n = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & (2^n - 1)r \\ 0 & 2^n \end{pmatrix}

其中 rr 为常数。

M=(4005)N=(1202)4\mathbf{M} = \begin{pmatrix} 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 5 \end{pmatrix} \quad \mathbf{N} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 \\ 0 & 2 \end{pmatrix}^4

先进行矩阵 M\mathbf{M} 代表的变换,再进行矩阵 N\mathbf{N} 代表的变换,其合成变换由矩阵 B\mathbf{B} 表示。

(b) (i) 将 N\mathbf{N} 表示为 (abcd)\begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} 的形式,其中 aabbccdd 均为整数。

(ii) 确定 B\mathbf{B}

六边形 SS 经矩阵 B\mathbf{B} 变换为六边形 SS'

(c) 已知 SS' 的面积为 720720 平方单位,确定 SS 的面积。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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先验证 n=1n=1。归纳步骤中,假设公式对 n=kn=k 成立,再用原矩阵左乘其 kk 次幂;矩阵乘法后重点整理右上角元素。

答题过程

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Let

A=(1r02).\mathbf A=\begin{pmatrix}1&r\\0&2\end{pmatrix}.

For n=1n=1,

A=(1r02)=(1(211)r021),\mathbf A =\begin{pmatrix}1&r\\0&2\end{pmatrix} =\begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^1-1)r\\ 0&2^1 \end{pmatrix},

so the result is true for n=1n=1.

Assume that the result is true for n=kn=k, where kZ+k\in\mathbb Z^+. Thus

Ak=(1(2k1)r02k).\mathbf A^k =\begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^k-1)r\\ 0&2^k \end{pmatrix}.

Then

Ak+1=AAk=(1r02)(1(2k1)r02k)=(1(2k1)r+2kr02k+1)=(1(2k+11)r02k+1).\begin{align*} \mathbf A^{k+1} =&\,\mathbf A\mathbf A^k\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix}1&r\\0&2\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^k-1)r\\ 0&2^k \end{pmatrix}\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^k-1)r+2^kr\\ 0&2^{k+1} \end{pmatrix}\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^{k+1}-1)r\\ 0&2^{k+1} \end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Therefore, if the result is true for n=kn=k, it is true for n=k+1n=k+1. Since it is true for n=1n=1, by mathematical induction,

An=(1(2n1)r02n)\boxed{ \mathbf A^n =\begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^n-1)r\\ 0&2^n \end{pmatrix} }

for all nZ+n\in\mathbb Z^+.

(b)

解法一

思路

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(i) 在 (a) 的公式中代入 r=2r=-2n=4n=4 即可求出 N\mathbf N。(ii) 先做 M\mathbf M 所表示的变换,再做 N\mathbf N 所表示的变换,因此合成矩阵的乘法顺序是 B=NM\mathbf B=\mathbf N\mathbf M

答题过程

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(i)

Using part (a) with r=2r=-2 and n=4n=4,

N=(1202)4=(1(241)(2)024)=(130016).\begin{align*} \mathbf N =&\, \begin{pmatrix}1&-2\\0&2\end{pmatrix}^4\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix} 1&(2^4-1)(-2)\\ 0&2^4 \end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\boxed{ \begin{pmatrix}1&-30\\0&16\end{pmatrix}}. \end{align*}

(ii)

Since the transformation represented by M\mathbf M is followed by the transformation represented by N\mathbf N,

B=NM=(130016)(4005)=(4150080).\begin{align*} \mathbf B =&\,\mathbf N\mathbf M\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix}1&-30\\0&16\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}4&0\\0&5\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\boxed{ \begin{pmatrix}4&-150\\0&80\end{pmatrix}}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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二维线性变换把面积放大 detB|\det\mathbf B| 倍。先求面积比例,再用变换后面积除以该比例。

答题过程

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The area scale factor is

detB=4(80)0(150)=320.\begin{align*} |\det\mathbf B| =&\,\left|4(80)-0(-150)\right|\\ =&\,320. \end{align*}

Therefore,

Area(S)=Area(S)320=720320=94 square units.\begin{align*} \operatorname{Area}(S) =&\,\frac{\operatorname{Area}(S')}{320}\\ =&\,\frac{720}{320}\\ =&\,\boxed{\frac94\text{ square units}}. \end{align*}