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FP1 2025 Jan Q2

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2025 Jan Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

 f(x)= x2−7x−4xx3\begin{align*} &\,f(x)\\ =&\,x^2-\frac{7x-4\sqrt{x}}{x^3} \end{align*}

where x>0x>0.

(a) Show that the equation f(x)=0f(x) = 0 has a root α\alpha in the interval [0.3,0.4][0.3, 0.4]

(2)

(b) Determine f′(x)f'(x).

(3)

(c) Using x0=0.3x_0 = 0.3 as a first approximation for α\alpha, apply the Newton–Raphson procedure once to f(x)f(x) to determine a second approximation for α\alpha, giving your answer to 3 decimal places.

(2)

The equation f(x)=0f(x) = 0 has another root β\beta in the interval [1.3,1.5][1.3, 1.5]

(d) Use linear interpolation once on the interval [1.3,1.5][1.3, 1.5] to determine an approximation for β\beta, giving your answer to 3 decimal places.

(2)
题目中文翻译

已知函数

 f(x)= x2−7x−4xx3\begin{align*} &\,f(x)\\ =&\,x^2-\frac{7x-4\sqrt{x}}{x^3} \end{align*}

其中 x>0x>0。

(a) 证明方程 f(x)=0f(x) = 0 在区间 [0.3,0.4][0.3, 0.4] 内有一个根 α\alpha。

(2)

(b) 求出 f′(x)f'(x)。

(3)

(c) 以 x0=0.3x_0 = 0.3 作为 α\alpha 的首次近似值,对 f(x)f(x) 应用一次 Newton–Raphson 迭代法以确定 α\alpha 的第二次近似值,结果保留 3 位小数。

(2)

方程 f(x)=0f(x) = 0 在区间 [1.3,1.5][1.3, 1.5] 内有另一个根 β\beta。

(d) 在区间 [1.3,1.5][1.3, 1.5] 上应用一次线性插值法(linear interpolation)来确定 β\beta 的近似值,结果保留 3 位小数。

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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分别计算区间两个端点处的函数值。由于 ff 在 x>0x>0 上连续,只要两个函数值异号,便可由介值定理判断区间内存在一个根。

答题过程

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At the endpoints of the interval,

f(0.3)=3.456304…>0f(0.3)=3.456304\ldots>0

and

 f(0.4)= −4.061529…<0.\begin{align*} &\,f(0.4)\\ =&\,-4.061529\ldots<0. \end{align*}

Since ff is continuous for x>0x>0 and there is a change of sign, the equation f(x)=0f(x)=0 has a root α\alpha in the interval

[0.3,0.4].\boxed{[0.3,0.4]}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

先把分式改写为幂函数之和,再逐项求导。这样可以直接使用幂函数求导法则,减少使用商法则时的代数运算。

答题过程

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First rewrite f(x)f(x) using indices:

f(x)= x2−7x−4xx3= x2−7x−2+4x−52.\begin{align*} f(x) =&\,x^2-\frac{7x-4\sqrt{x}}{x^3}\\ =&\,x^2-7x^{-2}+4x^{-\frac52}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

 f′(x)= 2x+14x−3 −10x−72.\begin{align*} &\,f'(x)\\ =&\,2x+14x^{-3}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-10x^{-\frac72}. \end{align*}

Hence,

f′(x)=2x+14x−3−10x−72.\boxed{\begin{gathered} f'(x)\\ =2x+14x^{-3}-10x^{-\frac72} \end{gathered}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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将首次近似值 x0=0.3x_0=0.3 代入 Newton–Raphson 公式 xn+1=xn−f(xn)f′(xn)x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)},只迭代一次并将结果保留 3 位小数。

答题过程

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Using the Newton–Raphson formula

xn+1=xn−f(xn)f′(xn),x_{n+1}=x_n-\frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)},

with x0=0.3x_0=0.3, we have

f(0.3)=3.456304815…f(0.3)=3.456304815\ldots

and

 f′(0.3)= 2(0.3)+14(0.3)−3 −10(0.3)−72= −157.0821698….\begin{align*} &\,f'(0.3)\\ =&\,2(0.3)+14(0.3)^{-3}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-10(0.3)^{-\frac72}\\ =&\,-157.0821698\ldots. \end{align*}

Thus

 x1= 0.3−3.456304815…−157.0821698…= 0.322003164….\begin{align*} &\,x_1\\ =&\,0.3-\frac{3.456304815\ldots}{-157.0821698\ldots}\\ =&\,0.322003164\ldots. \end{align*}

Therefore, to 3 decimal places,

α≈0.322.\boxed{\alpha\approx0.322}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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先求 f(1.3)f(1.3) 与 f(1.5)f(1.5),再用连接两端点的直线与 xx 轴的交点作为根的线性插值近似值。

答题过程

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At the endpoints,

f(1.3)=−0.3761348655…f(1.3)=-0.3761348655\ldots

and

f(1.5)=0.5904383661….f(1.5)=0.5904383661\ldots.

Using linear interpolation,

 β= 1.3f(1.5)−1.5f(1.3)f(1.5)−f(1.3)\begin{align*} &\,\beta\\ =&\,\frac{1.3f(1.5)-1.5f(1.3)}{f(1.5)-f(1.3)} \end{align*}

For the numerator, write

 N= 1.3(0.5904383661…) −1.5 ×(−0.3761348655…)= 1.331772174….\begin{align*} &\,N\\ =&\,1.3(0.5904383661\ldots)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-1.5\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}\times(-0.3761348655\ldots)\\ =&\,1.331772174\ldots. \end{align*}

The denominator is

 D= 0.5904383661… −(−0.3761348655…)= 0.9665732316….\begin{align*} &\,D\\ =&\,0.5904383661\ldots\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-(-0.3761348655\ldots)\\ =&\,0.9665732316\ldots. \end{align*}

Hence

β= ND= 1.331772174…0.9665732316…= 1.377828529….\begin{align*} \beta =&\,\frac ND\\ =&\,\frac{1.331772174\ldots}{0.9665732316\ldots}\\ =&\,1.377828529\ldots. \end{align*}

Therefore, to 3 decimal places,

β≈1.378.\boxed{\beta\approx1.378}.