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FP1 2025 May Q1

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2025 May Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

The matrix MM is given by

M=(1a3−5)M = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & a \\ 3 & -5 \end{pmatrix}

where aa is a constant, a≠−53a \neq -\frac{5}{3}.

(a) Determine M−1M^{-1} in terms of aa.

(3)

Given that M−1=2M+8IM^{-1} = 2M + 8I where II is the 2×22 \times 2 identity matrix,

(b) determine the value of aa.

(3)
题目中文翻译

矩阵 MM 由下式给出

M=(1a3−5)M = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & a \\ 3 & -5 \end{pmatrix}

其中 aa 是常数,a≠−53a \neq -\frac{5}{3}。

(a) 用 aa 表示求 M−1M^{-1}。

(3)

已知 M−1=2M+8IM^{-1} = 2M + 8I,其中 II 是 2×22 \times 2 单位矩阵,

(b) 求 aa 的值。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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先求二阶矩阵的行列式,再交换主对角线元素、改变副对角线元素的符号。题设 a≠−53a\ne-\frac53 正好保证行列式非零,逆矩阵存在。

答题过程

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The determinant of MM is

det⁡M= 1(−5)−3a= −5−3a.\begin{align*} \det M =&\,1(-5)-3a\\ =&\,-5-3a. \end{align*}

Since a≠−53a\ne-\frac53, det⁡M≠0\det M\ne0. Therefore,

 M−1= 1−5−3a(−5−a−31)= 15+3a(5a3−1).\begin{align*} &\,M^{-1}\\ =&\,\frac1{-5-3a} \begin{pmatrix} -5&-a\\ -3&1 \end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\frac1{5+3a} \begin{pmatrix} 5&a\\ 3&-1 \end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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先算出 2M+8I2M+8I,再与 (a) 的 M−1M^{-1} 比较任意一个方便的对应元素。使用左上角元素可直接得到一次方程。

答题过程

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First,

 2M+8I= 2(1a3−5) +8(1001)= (22a6−10) +(8008)= (102a6−2).\begin{align*} &\,2M+8I\\ =&\,2\begin{pmatrix}1&a\\3&-5\end{pmatrix}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+8\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix}2&2a\\6&-10\end{pmatrix}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\begin{pmatrix}8&0\\0&8\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix}10&2a\\6&-2\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Comparing the top-left elements of M−1=2M+8IM^{-1}=2M+8I gives

55+3a= 105= 50+30a30a= −45a= −32.\begin{align*} \frac5{5+3a}=&\,10\\ 5=&\,50+30a\\ 30a=&\,-45\\ a=&\,-\frac32. \end{align*}

Hence

a=−32.\boxed{a=-\frac32}.

解法二

思路

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在等式 M−1=2M+8IM^{-1}=2M+8I 两边右乘 MM,把逆矩阵消去。计算后 2M2+8M2M^2+8M 恰好是单位矩阵的常数倍,因此只需比较该倍数。

答题过程

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Multiplying M−1=2M+8IM^{-1}=2M+8I on the right by MM gives

I=2M2+8M.I=2M^2+8M.

Now

 M2= (1a3−5) ×(1a3−5)= (1+3a−4a−123a+25).\begin{align*} &\,M^2\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix}1&a\\3&-5\end{pmatrix}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}\times\begin{pmatrix}1&a\\3&-5\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix} 1+3a&-4a\\ -12&3a+25 \end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

The four row-column products, in order, are

 1(1)+a(3)= 1+3a, 1(a)+a(−5)= −4a, 3(1)+(−5)(3)= −12, 3a+(−5)(−5)= 3a+25.\begin{align*} &\,1(1)+a(3)\\ =&\,1+3a,\\ &\,1(a)+a(-5)\\ =&\,-4a,\\ &\,3(1)+(-5)(3)\\ =&\,-12,\\ &\,3a+(-5)(-5)\\ =&\,3a+25. \end{align*}

Therefore,

 2M2+8M= (2+6a−8a−246a+50) +(88a24−40)= (6a+10006a+10).\begin{align*} &\,2M^2+8M\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix} 2+6a&-8a\\ -24&6a+50 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\begin{pmatrix} 8&8a\\ 24&-40 \end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix} 6a+10&0\\ 0&6a+10 \end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Since this equals II,

6a+10=1,6a+10=1,

so

a=−32.\boxed{a=-\frac32}.

解法三

思路

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还可以取等式两边的行列式,但行列式相等只是原矩阵等式的必要条件,所得两个候选值必须代回原式检查,不能把赘根一并保留。

答题过程

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Taking determinants of both sides,

 det⁡(M−1)= det⁡(2M+8I).\begin{align*} &\,\det(M^{-1})\\ =&\,\det(2M+8I). \end{align*}

Using part (a),

 det⁡(M−1)= 1det⁡M= −15+3a.\begin{align*} &\,\det(M^{-1})\\ =&\,\frac1{\det M}\\ =&\,-\frac1{5+3a}. \end{align*}

Also,

 det⁡(2M+8I)= det⁡(102a6−2)= −20−12a= −4(5+3a).\begin{align*} &\,\det(2M+8I)\\ =&\,\det\begin{pmatrix}10&2a\\6&-2\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,-20-12a\\ =&\,-4(5+3a). \end{align*}

Hence

−15+3a= −4(5+3a)4(5+3a)2= 1.\begin{align*} -\frac1{5+3a}=&\,-4(5+3a)\\ 4(5+3a)^2=&\,1. \end{align*}

Thus

5+3a=125+3a=\frac12

or

5+3a=−12,5+3a=-\frac12,

giving

a=−32a=-\frac32

or

a=−116.a=-\frac{11}{6}.

For a=−116a=-\frac{11}{6}, the top-left element of M−1M^{-1} is

55+3a=−10,\frac5{5+3a}=-10,

but the top-left element of 2M+8I2M+8I is 1010. Therefore a=−116a=-\frac{11}{6} does not satisfy the original matrix equation and must be rejected.

For a=−32a=-\frac32, both matrices are

 M−1= 2M+8I= (10−36−2).\begin{align*} &\,M^{-1}\\ =&\,2M+8I\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix}10&-3\\6&-2\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Hence

a=−32.\boxed{a=-\frac32}.