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FP1 2025 May Q7

A Level / Edexcel / FP1

IAL 2025 May Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

 f(z)= Pz4−36z3+Qz2 +192z+68\begin{align*} &\,f(z)\\ =&\,Pz^4-36z^3+Qz^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+192z+68 \end{align*}

where PP and QQ are real constants.

Given that 3+5i3 + 5\mathrm{i} is a root of the equation f(z)=0f(z) = 0

(a) write down another root of the equation f(z)=0f(z) = 0.

(1)

(b) Hence determine a quadratic factor, with real coefficients, of f(z)f(z).

(2)

(c) Determine the value of PP and the value of QQ.

(5)

Without using a calculator,

(d) determine the other roots of the equation f(z)=0f(z) = 0 giving your answers in simplest form.

(2)
题目中文翻译  f(z)= Pz4−36z3+Qz2 +192z+68\begin{align*} &\,f(z)\\ =&\,Pz^4-36z^3+Qz^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+192z+68 \end{align*}

其中 PP 和 QQ 是实常数。

已知 3+5i3 + 5\mathrm{i} 是方程 f(z)=0f(z) = 0 的一个根

(a) 写出方程 f(z)=0f(z) = 0 的另一个根。

(1)

(b) 由此确定 f(z)f(z) 的一个二次因式,具有实系数。

(2)

(c) 确定 PP 和 QQ 的值。

(5)

不使用计算器,

(d) 确定方程 f(z)=0f(z) = 0 的其他根,将答案写成最简形式。

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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实系数多项式的非实复根必成共轭对。因此已知根 3+5i3+5\mathrm{i} 后,可以直接写出另一个根。

答题过程

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Since ff has real coefficients, non-real roots occur in conjugate pairs. Therefore, another root is

3−5i.\boxed{3-5\mathrm{i}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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把一对共轭根写成对应的一次因式并相乘,虚部会相消,得到所需的实系数二次因式。

答题过程

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The two conjugate roots give the factor

 (z−(3+5i)) ×(z−(3−5i))= ((z−3)−5i) ×((z−3)+5i)= (z−3)2+25= z2−6z+34.\begin{align*} &\,\big(z-(3+5\mathrm{i})\big)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}\times\big(z-(3-5\mathrm{i})\big)\\ =&\,\big((z-3)-5\mathrm{i}\big)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}\times\big((z-3)+5\mathrm{i}\big)\\ =&\,(z-3)^2+25\\ =&\,\boxed{z^2-6z+34}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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由 (b) 的二次因式,把四次多项式写成两个实系数二次式的乘积。先比较常数项、一次项和三次项求出另一因式的系数与 PP,再比较二次项求 QQ。

答题过程

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Write

 f(z)= (z2−6z+34) ×(az2+bz+c).\begin{align*} &\,f(z)\\ =&\,(z^2-6z+34)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}\times(az^2+bz+c). \end{align*}

Expanding,

 f(z)= az4+(b−6a)z3 +(c−6b+34a)z2 +(34b−6c)z+34c.\begin{align*} &\,f(z)\\ =&\,az^4+(b-6a)z^3\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(c-6b+34a)z^2\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+(34b-6c)z+34c. \end{align*}

Comparing constant terms gives

34c= 68c= 2.\begin{align*} 34c=&\,68\\ c=&\,2. \end{align*}

Comparing coefficients of zz,

34b−6c= 19234b−12= 19234b= 204b= 6.\begin{align*} 34b-6c=&\,192\\ 34b-12=&\,192\\ 34b=&\,204\\ b=&\,6. \end{align*}

Comparing coefficients of z3z^3,

b−6a= −366−6a= −36−6a= −42a= 7.\begin{align*} b-6a=&\,-36\\ 6-6a=&\,-36\\ -6a=&\,-42\\ a=&\,7. \end{align*}

Hence P=a=7P=a=7. Finally, comparing coefficients of z2z^2,

Q= c−6b+34a= 2−36+238= 204.\begin{align*} Q =&\,c-6b+34a\\ =&\,2-36+238\\ =&\,204. \end{align*}

Therefore,

P=7,Q=204.\boxed{P=7,\quad Q=204}.

解法二

思路

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也可以把已知复根直接代入 f(z)=0f(z)=0。算出复数的各次幂后,分别令实部和虚部为零,便得到关于 P,QP,Q 的两个实系数一次方程。

答题过程

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Let z=3+5iz=3+5\mathrm{i}. Then

z2=−16+30i,z^2=-16+30\mathrm{i}, z3=−198+10i,z^3=-198+10\mathrm{i},

and

z4=−644−960i.z^4=-644-960\mathrm{i}.

Since f(3+5i)=0f(3+5\mathrm{i})=0,

 P(−644−960i) −36(−198+10i) +Q(−16+30i) +192(3+5i)+68=0.\begin{align*} &\,P(-644-960\mathrm{i})\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-36(-198+10\mathrm{i})\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+Q(-16+30\mathrm{i})\\ &\,\hspace{6pt}+192(3+5\mathrm{i})+68=0. \end{align*}

Equating real and imaginary parts gives

 −644P−16Q +7772=0, −960P+30Q +600=0.\begin{align*} &\,-644P-16Q\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+7772=0,\\ &\,-960P+30Q\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+600=0. \end{align*}

The second equation simplifies to

30Q= 960P−600Q= 32P−20.\begin{align*} 30Q=&\,960P-600\\ Q=&\,32P-20. \end{align*}

Substituting into the first equation,

 −644P−16(32P−20) +7772=0 −644P−512P+320 +7772=0 −1156P+8092=0 1156P=8092 P=7.\begin{align*} &\,-644P-16(32P-20)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+7772=0\\ &\,-644P-512P+320\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+7772=0\\ &\,-1156P+8092=0\\ &\,1156P=8092\\ &\,P=7. \end{align*}

Hence

Q=32(7)−20=204.Q=32(7)-20=204.

Therefore,

P=7,Q=204.\boxed{P=7,\quad Q=204}.

解法三

思路

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用 (b) 的二次因式作除式,逐次消去四次项、三次项和二次项。因为该二次式是因式,最后的一次余式必须恒等于零;比较余式的两个系数,便能求出 P,QP,Q。以下用 h,jh,j 暂记商的两个系数,避免反复书写长式。

答题过程

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Let

D(z)=z2−6z+34.D(z)=z^2-6z+34.

From part (b), D(z)D(z) is a factor of f(z)f(z), so division by D(z)D(z) must leave zero remainder.

The first term of the quotient is Pz2Pz^2. Multiplying,

 Pz2D(z)= Pz4−6Pz3+34Pz2.\begin{align*} &\,Pz^2D(z)\\ =&\,Pz^4-6Pz^3+34Pz^2. \end{align*}

Subtracting this from f(z)f(z) gives

R1(z)= f(z)−Pz2D(z)= (6P−36)z3 +(Q−34P)z2 +192z+68.\begin{align*} R_1(z)=&\,f(z)-Pz^2D(z)\\ =&\,(6P-36)z^3\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(Q-34P)z^2\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+192z+68. \end{align*}

Put h=6P−36h=6P-36. The next term of the quotient is hzhz, and

 hzD(z)= hz3−6hz2+34hz.\begin{align*} &\,hzD(z)\\ =&\,hz^3-6hz^2+34hz. \end{align*}

Subtracting again,

 R2(z)= R1(z)−hzD(z)= (Q+2P−216)z2 +(1416−204P)z +68.\begin{align*} &\,R_2(z)\\ =&\,R_1(z)-hzD(z)\\ =&\,(Q+2P-216)z^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(1416-204P)z\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+68. \end{align*}

Here the coefficients simplify as

 Q−34P+6h= Q−34P+6(6P−36)= Q+2P−216,\begin{align*} &\,Q-34P+6h\\ =&\,Q-34P+6(6P-36)\\ =&\,Q+2P-216, \end{align*}

and

 192−34h= 192−34(6P−36)= 1416−204P.\begin{align*} &\,192-34h\\ =&\,192-34(6P-36)\\ =&\,1416-204P. \end{align*}

Put j=Q+2P−216j=Q+2P-216. The last term of the quotient is jj, and

jD(z)=jz2−6jz+34j.jD(z)=jz^2-6jz+34j.

The quotient is therefore Pz2+hz+jPz^2+hz+j, and the remainder is

 R3(z)= R2(z)−jD(z)= (1416−204P+6j)z +68−34j.\begin{align*} &\,R_3(z)\\ =&\,R_2(z)-jD(z)\\ =&\,(1416-204P+6j)z\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+68-34j. \end{align*}

Substituting for jj in its two coefficients,

 1416−204P+6j= 1416−204P +6(Q+2P−216)= 120−192P+6Q,\begin{align*} &\,1416-204P+6j\\ =&\,1416-204P\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+6(Q+2P-216)\\ =&\,120-192P+6Q, \end{align*}

and

 68−34j= 68−34(Q+2P −216)= −68P−34Q+7412.\begin{align*} &\,68-34j\\ =&\,68-34\big(Q+2P\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-216\big)\\ =&\,-68P-34Q+7412. \end{align*}

Thus

 R3(z)= (120−192P+6Q)z −68P−34Q+7412.\begin{align*} &\,R_3(z)\\ =&\,(120-192P+6Q)z\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-68P-34Q+7412. \end{align*}

Since this is the zero polynomial, both coefficients are zero:

 120−192P +6Q=0, −68P−34Q +7412=0.\begin{align*} &\,120-192P\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+6Q=0,\\ &\,-68P-34Q\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+7412=0. \end{align*}

Dividing the first equation by 66 and the second by −34-34 gives

32P−Q= 20,2P+Q= 218.\begin{align*} 32P-Q=&\,20,\\ 2P+Q=&\,218. \end{align*}

Adding these equations,

34P= 238P= 7.\begin{align*} 34P=&\,238\\ P=&\,7. \end{align*}

Then 2(7)+Q=2182(7)+Q=218, so Q=204Q=204. Hence

P=7,Q=204.\boxed{P=7,\quad Q=204}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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由 (c) 已知另一个二次因式是 7z2+6z+27z^2+6z+2。题目要求不使用计算器,因此用求根公式并手工化简负判别式,得到剩余的一对共轭复根。

答题过程

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From part (c),

 f(z)= (z2−6z+34) ×(7z2+6z+2).\begin{align*} &\,f(z)\\ =&\,(z^2-6z+34)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}\times(7z^2+6z+2). \end{align*}

The other roots satisfy

7z2+6z+2=0.7z^2+6z+2=0.

Using the quadratic formula,

z= −6±62−4(7)(2)14= −6±−2014= −6±2i514= −3±i57.\begin{align*} z =&\,\frac{-6\pm\sqrt{6^2-4(7)(2)}}{14}\\ =&\,\frac{-6\pm\sqrt{-20}}{14}\\ =&\,\frac{-6\pm2\mathrm{i}\sqrt5}{14}\\ =&\,\frac{-3\pm\mathrm{i}\sqrt5}{7}. \end{align*}

The two remaining roots are

z=−3+i57\boxed{z=\frac{-3+\mathrm{i}\sqrt5}{7}}

and

z=−3−i57.\boxed{z=\frac{-3-\mathrm{i}\sqrt5}{7}}.