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FP2 2023 June Q3

A Level / Edexcel / FP2

IAL 2023 June Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

3.

In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions relying on calculator technology are not acceptable.

Given that

x+2x+4⩽ xk(x−1)\begin{align*} \frac{x + 2}{x + 4} \leqslant&\, \frac{x}{k(x - 1)} \end{align*}

where kk is a positive constant,

(a) show that

(x+4)(x−1)(px2+qx+r)⩽ 0\begin{align*} (x + 4)(x - 1)(px^2 + qx + r) \leqslant&\, 0 \end{align*}

where pp , qq and rr are expressions in terms of kk to be determined.

(3)

(b) Hence, or otherwise, determine the values for xx for which

x+2x+4⩽ x3(x−1)\begin{align*} \frac{x + 2}{x + 4} \leqslant&\, \frac{x}{3(x - 1)} \end{align*}
(4)
题目中文翻译

本题必须展示所有运算步骤。

依赖计算器技术的解答不予接受。

已知

x+2x+4⩽ xk(x−1), \begin{align*} \frac{x+2}{x+4}\leqslant&\,\frac{x}{k(x-1)}, \end{align*}

其中 kk 是正常数。

(a) 证明

(x+4)(x−1)(px2+qx+r)⩽ 0, \begin{align*} (x+4)(x-1)(px^2+qx+r)\leqslant&\,0, \end{align*}

其中 pp、qq、rr 为待求的含 kk 的表达式。

(3)

(b) 由此或用其他方法,求满足下列不等式的 xx 的取值范围:

x+2x+4⩽ x3(x−1). \begin{align*} \frac{x+2}{x+4}\leqslant&\,\frac{x}{3(x-1)}. \end{align*}
(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

不等式中有分母,不能直接乘以 (x+4)(x−1)(x+4)(x-1),因为它的正负会变。比较稳的做法是先移到同一边,再乘以 k(x+4)2(x−1)2k(x+4)^2(x-1)^2。由于 k>0k>0,而平方项非负且在定义域内不为 00,不等号方向不变。

答题过程

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Start from

x+2x+4⩽ xk(x−1)\begin{align*} \frac{x+2}{x+4} \leqslant&\, \frac{x}{k(x-1)} \end{align*}

Bring all terms to the left-hand side:

x+2x+4−xk(x−1)⩽ 0k(x+2)(x−1)−x(x+4)k(x+4)(x−1)⩽ 0\begin{align*} \frac{x+2}{x+4} -\frac{x}{k(x-1)} \leqslant&\,0\\[4mm] \frac{k(x+2)(x-1)-x(x+4)} {k(x+4)(x-1)} \leqslant&\,0 \end{align*}

Since k>0k>0, multiply by k(x+4)2(x−1)2k(x+4)^2(x-1)^2, which is positive for x≠−4,1x\ne -4,1:

(x+4)(x−1)[k(x+2)(x−1)−x(x+4)]⩽ 0\begin{align*} (x+4)(x-1) \bigg[k(x+2)(x-1)-x(x+4)\bigg] \leqslant&\,0 \end{align*}

Now expand the bracket:

k(x+2)(x−1)−x(x+4)= k(x2+x−2)−(x2+4x)= kx2+kx−2k−x2−4x= (k−1)x2+(k−4)x−2k\begin{align*} k(x+2)(x-1)-x(x+4) =&\, k(x^2+x-2)-(x^2+4x)\\[4mm] =&\, kx^2+kx-2k-x^2-4x\\[4mm] =&\, (k-1)x^2+(k-4)x-2k \end{align*}

Therefore

(x+4)(x−1)((k−1)x2+(k−4)x−2k)⩽ 0\begin{align*} (x+4)(x-1) \bigg((k-1)x^2+(k-4)x-2k\bigg) \leqslant&\,0 \end{align*}

This is in the required form, where

p=k−1,q=k−4,r=−2k\begin{align*} p=k-1,\qquad q=k-4,\qquad r=-2k \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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这里用 (a) 的结果最直接。把 k=3k=3 代入后,得到一个四个一次因式相乘的不等式。最后一定要记得原分母不能为 00,所以 x=−4x=-4 和 x=1x=1 不能取。

答题过程

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For k=3k=3,

(k−1)x2+(k−4)x−2k= 2x2−x−6= (2x+3)(x−2)\begin{align*} (k-1)x^2+(k-4)x-2k =&\, 2x^2-x-6\\[4mm] =&\, (2x+3)(x-2) \end{align*}

So the inequality becomes

(x+4)(x−1)(2x+3)(x−2)⩽0\begin{align*} (x+4)(x-1)(2x+3)(x-2)\leqslant 0 \end{align*}

The critical values are

x=−4,x=−32,x=1,x=2\begin{align*} x=-4,\qquad x=-\frac32,\qquad x=1,\qquad x=2 \end{align*}

Check the signs on the intervals:

intervalsignx<−4+−4<x<−32−−32<x<1+1<x<2−x>2+\begin{array}{c|c} \text{interval}&\text{sign}\\ \hline x<-4&+\\ -4<x<-\frac32&-\\ -\frac32<x<1&+\\ 1<x<2&-\\ x>2&+ \end{array}

We need the product to be non-positive. The zeros from the quadratic can be included, but the original denominator excludes x=−4x=-4 and x=1x=1. Therefore,

−4<x⩽−32or1<x⩽2\begin{align*} \boxed{ -4<x\leqslant -\frac32 \quad\text{or}\quad 1<x\leqslant 2 } \end{align*}