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FP2 2024 June Q10

A Level / Edexcel / FP2

IAL 2024 June Paper · Question 10

题目

Problem

10.

Figure 1 shows a sketch of the curve CC with polar equation

r= 1+cos⁡θ0⩽θ⩽π\begin{align*} r =&\, 1 + \cos \theta \qquad 0 \leqslant \theta \leqslant \pi \end{align*}

and the line ll with polar equation

r= ksec⁡θ0⩽θ<π2\begin{align*} r =&\, k\sec \theta \qquad 0 \leqslant \theta < \frac{\pi}{2} \end{align*}

where kk is a positive constant.

Given that

  • CC and ll intersect at the point PP
  • OP=1+32OP = 1 + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}

(a) determine the exact value of kk.

(2)

The finite region RR , shown shaded in Figure 1, is bounded by CC , the initial line and ll .

(b) Use algebraic integration to show that the area of RR is

pπ+q3+r\begin{align*} p\pi + q\sqrt{3} + r \end{align*}

where pp , qq and rr are simplified rational numbers to be determined.

(7)
题目中文翻译

图 1 是曲线 CC 与直线 ll 的示意图。曲线 CC 的极坐标方程为

r= 1+cos⁡θ,0⩽θ⩽π,\begin{align*} r=&\,1+\cos\theta,\qquad0\leqslant\theta\leqslant\pi, \end{align*}

直线 ll 的极坐标方程为

r= ksec⁡θ,0⩽θ<π2,\begin{align*} r=&\,k\sec\theta,\qquad0\leqslant\theta<\frac\pi2, \end{align*}

其中 kk 为正常数。

已知:

  • CC 与 ll 交于点 PP;
  • OP=1+32OP=1+\frac{\sqrt3}{2}。

(a) 求 kk 的精确值。

(2)

图 1 中的阴影区域 RR 是由 CC、极轴与 ll 围成的有限区域。

(b) 使用代数积分,证明 RR 的面积可写为

pπ+q3+r,\begin{align*} p\pi+q\sqrt3+r, \end{align*}

并求出最简有理数 pp、qq、rr 的值。

(7)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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在交点 PP 上,曲线给出 r=1+cos⁡θr=1+\cos\theta。题目给了 OP=r=1+32OP=r=1+\frac{\sqrt3}{2},所以可以先求 θ\theta。直线 r=ksec⁡θr=k\sec\theta 等价于 rcos⁡θ=kr\cos\theta=k。

答题过程

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At PP,

r=1+32\begin{align*} r=1+\frac{\sqrt3}{2} \end{align*}

Using r=1+cos⁡θr=1+\cos\theta,

1+cos⁡θ= 1+32cos⁡θ= 32\begin{align*} 1+\cos\theta =&\, 1+\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\\[2mm] \cos\theta =&\, \frac{\sqrt3}{2} \end{align*}

Hence

θ=π6\begin{align*} \theta=\frac{\pi}{6} \end{align*}

Since PP lies on r=ksec⁡θr=k\sec\theta,

k= rcos⁡θ= (1+32)32= 32+34\begin{align*} k =&\, r\cos\theta\\[4mm] =&\, \bigg(1+\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\bigg)\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\\[4mm] =&\, \boxed{\frac{\sqrt3}{2}+\frac34} \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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区域可以拆成两部分:从 θ=π6\theta=\frac{\pi}{6} 到 π\pi 的曲线面积,加上从 initial line 到 OPOP 之间由直线 ll 形成的小三角形。曲线面积用极坐标积分,小三角形用 12xy\frac12xy 或 12absin⁡C\frac12ab\sin C。

答题过程

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First find the area under CC from θ=π6\theta=\frac{\pi}{6} to θ=π\theta=\pi:

AreaC= 12∫π6π(1+cos⁡θ)2 dθ= 12∫π6π(1+2cos⁡θ+cos⁡2θ) dθ= 12∫π6π(32+2cos⁡θ+12cos⁡2θ) dθ\begin{align*} \text{Area}_C =&\, \frac12\int_{\frac{\pi}{6}}^{\pi}(1+\cos\theta)^2\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\[4mm] =&\, \frac12\int_{\frac{\pi}{6}}^{\pi} (1+2\cos\theta+\cos^2\theta)\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\[4mm] =&\, \frac12\int_{\frac{\pi}{6}}^{\pi} \bigg(\frac32+2\cos\theta+\frac12\cos2\theta\bigg) \,\mathrm{d}\theta \end{align*}

Therefore

AreaC= 12[32θ+2sin⁡θ+14sin⁡2θ]π6π= 12[3π2−(π4+1+38)]= 5π8−12−316\begin{align*} \text{Area}_C =&\, \frac12\bigg[ \frac32\theta+2\sin\theta+\frac14\sin2\theta \bigg]_{\frac{\pi}{6}}^{\pi}\\[4mm] =&\, \frac12\bigg[ \frac{3\pi}{2} -\bigg( \frac{\pi}{4}+1+\frac{\sqrt3}{8} \bigg) \bigg]\\[4mm] =&\, \frac{5\pi}{8}-\frac12-\frac{\sqrt3}{16} \end{align*}

Now find the triangular area between the initial line and OPOP.

At PP,

xP= rcos⁡π6=k=32+34yP= rsin⁡π6=(1+32)12= 12+34\begin{align*} x_P =&\, r\cos\frac{\pi}{6} =k =\frac{\sqrt3}{2}+\frac34\\[4mm] y_P =&\, r\sin\frac{\pi}{6} =\bigg(1+\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\bigg)\frac12\\[4mm] =&\, \frac12+\frac{\sqrt3}{4} \end{align*}

So

Area△= 12xPyP= 12(32+34)(12+34)= 7332+38\begin{align*} \text{Area}_{\triangle} =&\, \frac12 x_Py_P\\[4mm] =&\, \frac12 \bigg(\frac{\sqrt3}{2}+\frac34\bigg) \bigg(\frac12+\frac{\sqrt3}{4}\bigg)\\[4mm] =&\, \frac{7\sqrt3}{32}+\frac38 \end{align*}

Hence

AreaR= (5π8−12−316)+(7332+38)= 5π8+5332−18\begin{align*} \text{Area}_R =&\, \bigg(\frac{5\pi}{8}-\frac12-\frac{\sqrt3}{16}\bigg) +\bigg(\frac{7\sqrt3}{32}+\frac38\bigg)\\[4mm] =&\, \frac{5\pi}{8} +\frac{5\sqrt3}{32} -\frac18 \end{align*}

Thus

p=58,q=532,r=−18\begin{align*} \boxed{ p=\frac58,\qquad q=\frac{5}{32},\qquad r=-\frac18 } \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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也可以把两部分面积都写成极坐标积分。在 0⩽θ⩽π60\leqslant\theta\leqslant\frac\pi6 内,区域的边界是直线 r=ksec⁡θr=k\sec\theta;在 π6⩽θ⩽π\frac\pi6\leqslant\theta\leqslant\pi 内,边界是曲线 r=1+cos⁡θr=1+\cos\theta。第二部分的积分沿用解法一的结果。

答题过程

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For 0⩽θ⩽π60\leqslant\theta\leqslant\frac\pi6, the boundary of RR is r=ksec⁡θr=k\sec\theta. Hence this part has area

Al= 12∫0π6k2sec⁡2θ dθ= k22[tan⁡θ]0π6= k223.\begin{align*} A_l=&\,\frac12\int_0^{\frac\pi6}k^2\sec^2\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{k^2}{2}\big[\tan\theta\big]_0^{\frac\pi6}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{k^2}{2\sqrt3}. \end{align*}

From part (a),

k2= (34+32)2= 916+334+34= 2116+334.\begin{align*} k^2=&\,\bigg(\frac34+\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\bigg)^2\\[4mm] =&\,\frac9{16}+\frac{3\sqrt3}{4}+\frac34\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{21}{16}+\frac{3\sqrt3}{4}. \end{align*}

Therefore

Al= 21323+38= 7332+38.\begin{align*} A_l=&\,\frac{21}{32\sqrt3}+\frac38\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{7\sqrt3}{32}+\frac38. \end{align*}

For π6⩽θ⩽π\frac\pi6\leqslant\theta\leqslant\pi, the curve contributes the area calculated above:

AC= 12∫π6π(1+cos⁡θ)2 dθ= 5π8−12−316.\begin{align*} A_C=&\,\frac12\int_{\frac\pi6}^{\pi}(1+\cos\theta)^2\,\mathrm{d}\theta\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{5\pi}{8}-\frac12-\frac{\sqrt3}{16}. \end{align*}

Adding the two parts,

AreaR= Al+AC= 5π8+5332−18.\begin{align*} \text{Area}_R=&\,A_l+A_C\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac{5\pi}{8}+\frac{5\sqrt3}{32}-\frac18}. \end{align*}

Thus p=58p=\frac58, q=532q=\frac5{32} and r=−18r=-\frac18.