题目
Problem
5.
In this question you must show all stages of your working.
Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.
Use algebra to determine the values of x x x for which
x + 1 ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) ⩽ 1 − 2 x − 3 \begin{align*}
\frac{x + 1}{(x - 3)(x + 2)}
\leqslant&\,1 - \frac{2}{x - 3}
\end{align*} ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) x + 1 ⩽ 1 − x − 3 2
(6)
题目中文翻译
本题必须展示所有计算步骤。
完全依赖计算器技术得出的解答不予接受。
使用代数方法,求出满足以下不等式的 x x x 的取值范围:
x + 1 ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) ⩽ 1 − 2 x − 3 . \begin{align*}
\frac{x+1}{(x-3)(x+2)}
\leqslant&\,1-\frac2{x-3}.
\end{align*}
( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) x + 1 ⩽ 1 − x − 3 2 .
(6)
解答
解法一
思路
展开
分母含有 x − 3 x-3 x − 3 和 x + 2 x+2 x + 2 ,不能直接乘过去。先移到一边通分,再用临界点做符号分析。原式中 x = − 2 , 3 x=-2,3 x = − 2 , 3 不在定义域内。
答题过程
展开
The critical values from the denominator are
x = − 2 , x = 3 \begin{align*}
x=-2,\qquad x=3
\end{align*} x = − 2 , x = 3
Now bring all terms to the left-hand side:
x + 1 ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) − 1 + 2 x − 3 ⩽ 0 x + 1 − ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) + 2 ( x + 2 ) ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) ⩽ 0 \begin{align*}
\frac{x+1}{(x-3)(x+2)}-1+\frac{2}{x-3}
\leqslant&\,0\\[4mm]
\frac{x+1-(x-3)(x+2)+2(x+2)}
{(x-3)(x+2)}
\leqslant&\,0
\end{align*} ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) x + 1 − 1 + x − 3 2 ⩽ ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) x + 1 − ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) + 2 ( x + 2 ) ⩽ 0 0
Simplify the numerator:
x + 1 − ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) + 2 ( x + 2 ) = x + 1 − ( x 2 − x − 6 ) + 2 x + 4 = − x 2 + 4 x + 11 \begin{align*}
x+1-(x-3)(x+2)+2(x+2)
=&\,
x+1-(x^2-x-6)+2x+4\\[4mm]
=&\,
-x^2+4x+11
\end{align*} x + 1 − ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) + 2 ( x + 2 ) = = x + 1 − ( x 2 − x − 6 ) + 2 x + 4 − x 2 + 4 x + 11
So
− x 2 + 4 x + 11 ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) ⩽ 0 x 2 − 4 x − 11 ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) ⩾ 0 \begin{align*}
\frac{-x^2+4x+11}{(x-3)(x+2)}
\leqslant&\,0\\[4mm]
\frac{x^2-4x-11}{(x-3)(x+2)}
\geqslant&\,0
\end{align*} ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) − x 2 + 4 x + 11 ⩽ ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) x 2 − 4 x − 11 ⩾ 0 0
Solve the numerator:
x 2 − 4 x − 11 = 0 x = 4 ± 16 + 44 2 x = 2 ± 15 \begin{align*}
x^2-4x-11=&\,0\\[2mm]
x=&\,\frac{4\pm\sqrt{16+44}}{2}\\[2mm]
x=&\,2\pm\sqrt{15}
\end{align*} x 2 − 4 x − 11 = x = x = 0 2 4 ± 16 + 44 2 ± 15
The critical values in order are
− 2 , 2 − 15 , 3 , 2 + 15 \begin{align*}
-2,\qquad 2-\sqrt{15},\qquad 3,\qquad 2+\sqrt{15}
\end{align*} − 2 , 2 − 15 , 3 , 2 + 15
Let a = 2 − 15 a=2-\sqrt{15} a = 2 − 15 and b = 2 + 15 b=2+\sqrt{15} b = 2 + 15 . The expression to be tested is
( x − ( 2 + 15 ) ) ( x − ( 2 − 15 ) ) ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) \begin{align*}
\frac{(x-(2+\sqrt{15}))(x-(2-\sqrt{15}))}{(x-3)(x+2)}
\end{align*} ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x − ( 2 + 15 )) ( x − ( 2 − 15 ))
Both numerator and denominator have simple roots, so their signs on the five intervals are:
Interval x 2 − 4 x − 11 x^2-4x-11 x 2 − 4 x − 11 ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) (x-3)(x+2) ( x − 3 ) ( x + 2 ) Quotient x < − 2 x<-2 x < − 2 + + + + + + + + + − 2 < x < a -2<x<a − 2 < x < a + + + − - − − - − a < x < 3 a<x<3 a < x < 3 − - − − - − + + + 3 < x < b 3<x<b 3 < x < b − - − + + + − - − x > b x>b x > b + + + + + + + + +
The numerator is zero at a a a and b b b , so these endpoints are included. The denominator is zero at − 2 -2 − 2 and 3 3 3 , so these endpoints are excluded. Therefore the non-negative intervals are
x < − 2 , 2 − 15 ⩽ x < 3 , x ⩾ 2 + 15 \begin{align*}
x<-2,\\[2mm]
2-\sqrt{15}\leqslant x<3,\\[2mm]
x\geqslant 2+\sqrt{15}
\end{align*} x < − 2 , 2 − 15 ⩽ x < 3 , x ⩾ 2 + 15
Therefore
x < − 2 or 2 − 15 ⩽ x < 3 or x ⩾ 2 + 15 \begin{align*}
\boxed{\begin{gathered}
x<-2\\[2mm]
\text{or}\quad 2-\sqrt{15}\leqslant x<3\\[2mm]
\text{or}\quad x\geqslant 2+\sqrt{15}
\end{gathered}}
\end{align*} x < − 2 or 2 − 15 ⩽ x < 3 or x ⩾ 2 + 15