题目
Problem
dx2d2y=x2y+dxdy
(a) Show that
dx4d4y=dx3d3y+Ax2dx2d2y+Bxdxdy+Cy
where A, B and C are integers to be determined.
(4)
Given that dxdy=3 and y=1 at x=1
(b) determine the Taylor series solution for y in ascending powers of (x−1), up to and including the term in (x−1)4, giving each coefficient in simplest form.
(4)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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从给定的二阶导数开始连续求导。每次对 x2y 求导时都要用乘积法则。
答题过程
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Given
dx2d2y=x2y+dxdy
differentiating gives
dx3d3y=2xy+x2dxdy+dx2d2y
Differentiate again:
dx4d4y==2y+2xdxdy+2xdxdy+x2dx2d2y+dx3d3ydx3d3y+x2dx2d2y+4xdxdy+2y
Therefore
A=1,B=4,C=2
(b)
解法一
思路
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Taylor 展开需要 y(1)、y′(1)、y′′(1)、y′′′(1)、y′′′′(1)。前两个已给,后面三个用微分方程逐个算。
答题过程
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At x=1,
y=1,dxdy=3
Using the differential equation,
dx2d2y=x2y+dxdy
so
y′′(1)=12(1)+3=4
Also,
y′′′(1)==2(1)(1)+12(3)+49
and, using part (a),
y′′′′(1)==9+12(4)+4(1)(3)+2(1)27
Therefore
y==1+3(x−1)+2!4(x−1)2+3!9(x−1)3+4!27(x−1)41+3(x−1)+2(x−1)2+23(x−1)3+89(x−1)4