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FP3 2021 Jan Q7

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2021 Jan Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

7.

The point PP has coordinates (1,2,1)(1,2,1).

The line ll has Cartesian equation

x−35=y+13=z+5−8.\frac{x-3}{5}=\frac{y+1}{3}=\frac{z+5}{-8}.

The plane Π1\Pi_1 contains the point PP and the line ll.

(a) Show that a Cartesian equation for Π1\Pi_1 is

6x−2y+3z=5.6x-2y+3z=5.
(5)

The point QQ has coordinates (2,k,−7)(2,k,-7), where kk is a constant.

(b) Show that the shortest distance between Π1\Pi_1 and QQ is

27∣k+7∣.\frac27|k+7|.
(2)

The plane Π2\Pi_2 has Cartesian equation 8x−4y+z=−38x-4y+z=-3.

Given that the shortest distance between Π1\Pi_1 and QQ is the same as the shortest distance between Π2\Pi_2 and QQ,

(c) determine the possible values of kk.

(4)
题目中文翻译

点 PP 的坐标为 (1,2,1)(1,2,1)。

直线 ll 的 Cartesian 方程为

x−35=y+13=z+5−8.\frac{x-3}{5}=\frac{y+1}{3}=\frac{z+5}{-8}.

平面 Π1\Pi_1 包含点 PP 和直线 ll。

(a) 证明 Π1\Pi_1 的一个 Cartesian 方程为

6x−2y+3z=5.6x-2y+3z=5.
(5)

点 QQ 的坐标为 (2,k,−7)(2,k,-7),其中 kk 为常数。

(b) 证明 Π1\Pi_1 与 QQ 之间的最短距离为

27∣k+7∣.\frac27|k+7|.
(2)

平面 Π2\Pi_2 的 Cartesian 方程为 8x−4y+z=−38x-4y+z=-3。

已知 Π1\Pi_1 与 QQ 之间的最短距离,等于 Π2\Pi_2 与 QQ 之间的最短距离,

(c) 求 kk 的可能值。

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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平面包含直线 ll,因此包含其方向向量;也包含从直线上一点指向 PP 的向量。两向量的叉积给出平面的法向量,再代入 PP 求常数项。

答题过程

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The line ll has direction vector

d=(53−8)\mathbf{d}=\begin{pmatrix}5\\3\\-8\end{pmatrix}

and contains the point A=(3,−1,−5)A=(3,-1,-5). Also,

AP→=(−236).\overrightarrow{AP} =\begin{pmatrix}-2\\3\\6\end{pmatrix}.

Hence a normal vector to Π1\Pi_1 is

d×AP→= ∣ijk53−8−236∣= (3(6)−(−8)(3))i −(5(6)−(−8)(−2))j +(5(3)−3(−2))k= 42i−14j+21k= 7(6i−2j+3k).\begin{align*} \mathbf{d}\times\overrightarrow{AP} =&\, \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf{i}&\mathbf{j}&\mathbf{k}\\ 5&3&-8\\ -2&3&6 \end{vmatrix}\\[4mm] =&\,\big(3(6)-(-8)(3)\big)\mathbf{i}\\ &\,-\big(5(6)-(-8)(-2)\big)\mathbf{j}\\ &\,+\big(5(3)-3(-2)\big)\mathbf{k}\\ =&\,42\mathbf{i}-14\mathbf{j}+21\mathbf{k}\\[4mm] =&\,7(6\mathbf{i}-2\mathbf{j}+3\mathbf{k}). \end{align*}

Thus the plane has equation

6x−2y+3z=d.6x-2y+3z=d.

Since P=(1,2,1)P=(1,2,1) lies in the plane,

d=6(1)−2(2)+3(1)=5.d=6(1)-2(2)+3(1)=5.

Therefore

6x−2y+3z=5.\boxed{6x-2y+3z=5}.

解法二

思路

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因为待证的平面方程已经给出,也可以分别验证点 PP 位于该平面,且直线 ll 上的任意点都满足该方程。这样便证明该平面同时包含 PP 和整条直线 ll。

答题过程

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For P=(1,2,1)P=(1,2,1),

6(1)−2(2)+3(1)=5,6(1)-2(2)+3(1)=5,

so PP lies in the stated plane.

Writing the line in parametric form gives

x=3+5t,y=−1+3t,z=−5−8t.x=3+5t, \qquad y=-1+3t, \qquad z=-5-8t.

For every tt,

6x−2y+3z= 6(3+5t)−2(−1+3t) +3(−5−8t)= 18+30t+2−6t−15−24t= 5.\begin{align*} 6x-2y+3z =&\,6(3+5t)-2(-1+3t)\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+3(-5-8t)\\[4mm] =&\,18+30t+2-6t-15-24t\\[4mm] =&\,5. \end{align*}

Thus the whole line ll lies in the plane. Since the plane contains both PP and ll, its equation is

6x−2y+3z=5.\boxed{6x-2y+3z=5}.

解法三

思路

展开

不使用叉积也能求法向量。令它为 (a,b,c)(a,b,c),分别与平面内两个方向向量作点积,令结果为零,联立后取最简单的整数法向量。

答题过程

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Using the vectors d=(5,3,−8)\mathbf{d}=(5,3,-8) and AP→=(−2,3,6)\overrightarrow{AP}=(-2,3,6) from the first method, let n=(a,b,c)\mathbf{n}=(a,b,c) be a normal vector. Then

5a+3b−8c=0,−2a+3b+6c=0.5a+3b-8c=0,\qquad -2a+3b+6c=0.

Subtracting gives 7a−14c=07a-14c=0, so a=2ca=2c. Substituting into the first equation gives 3b=−2c3b=-2c. Taking c=3c=3 gives n=(6,−2,3)\mathbf{n}=(6,-2,3). The plane through P=(1,2,1)P=(1,2,1) is therefore

6(x−1)−2(y−2)+3(z−1)=0,6(x-1)-2(y-2)+3(z-1)=0,

which simplifies to 6x−2y+3z=5\boxed{6x-2y+3z=5}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

直接使用点到平面的距离公式。绝对值不可省略,因为 kk 未知,代入平面方程所得的带符号量可能为正也可能为负。

答题过程

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The distance from Q=(2,k,−7)Q=(2,k,-7) to Π1\Pi_1 is

d1= ∣6(2)−2k+3(−7)−5∣62+(−2)2+32= ∣−2k−14∣7= 27∣k+7∣.\begin{align*} d_1 =&\,\frac{|6(2)-2k+3(-7)-5|} {\sqrt{6^2+(-2)^2+3^2}}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{|-2k-14|}{7}\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac27|k+7|}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

展开

点到平面的最短距离,是从平面内一点指向该点的向量在单位法向量上的投影长度。取题目给出的 PP,把 PQ→\overrightarrow{PQ} 与法向量作点积,取绝对值后除以法向量的模。

答题过程

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Since P=(1,2,1)P=(1,2,1) lies on Π1\Pi_1,

PQ→=(1,k−2,−8).\overrightarrow{PQ}=(1,k-2,-8).

A normal vector is n=(6,−2,3)\mathbf{n}=(6,-2,3), with ∣n∣=7|\mathbf{n}|=7. The shortest distance is the magnitude of the projection of PQ→\overrightarrow{PQ} onto the normal:

d= ∣PQ→⋅n∣∣n∣= ∣6−2(k−2)−24∣7= ∣−2k−14∣7= 27∣k+7∣.\begin{align*} d=&\,\frac{|\overrightarrow{PQ}\cdot\mathbf{n}|}{|\mathbf{n}|}\\ =&\,\frac{|6-2(k-2)-24|}{7}\\ =&\,\frac{|-2k-14|}{7}\\ =&\,\boxed{\frac27|k+7|}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

先求点 QQ 到 Π2\Pi_2 的距离,再与 (b) 的结果相等。含绝对值方程应拆成正负两种情形,避免平方后引入或遗漏解。

答题过程

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Writing Π2\Pi_2 as 8x−4y+z+3=08x-4y+z+3=0, the distance from QQ to Π2\Pi_2 is

d2= ∣8(2)−4k−7+3∣82+(−4)2+12= ∣12−4k∣9= 49∣k−3∣.\begin{align*} d_2 =&\,\frac{|8(2)-4k-7+3|} {\sqrt{8^2+(-4)^2+1^2}}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{|12-4k|}{9}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac49|k-3|. \end{align*}

Equating the two distances gives

27∣k+7∣=49∣k−3∣,\frac27|k+7|=\frac49|k-3|,

so

9∣k+7∣=14∣k−3∣.9|k+7|=14|k-3|.

Therefore either

9(k+7)=14(k−3),9(k+7)=14(k-3),

which gives k=21k=21, or

9(k+7)=−14(k−3),9(k+7)=-14(k-3),

which gives 23k=−2123k=-21 and hence k=−21/23k=-21/23.

Thus the possible values are

k=21ork=−2123.\boxed{k=21\quad\text{or}\quad k=-\frac{21}{23}}.