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FP3 2021 June Q3

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2021 June Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

3.

The matrix MM is given by

M=(31p112−1p2)M = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 1 & p \\ 1 & 1 & 2 \\ -1 & p & 2 \end{pmatrix}

where pp is a real constant.

(a) Find the exact values of pp for which MM has no inverse.

(4)

Given that MM does have an inverse,

(b) find M−1M^{-1} in terms of pp.

(5)
题目中文翻译

矩阵 MM 定义为

M=(31p112−1p2)M = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 1 & p \\ 1 & 1 & 2 \\ -1 & p & 2 \end{pmatrix}

其中 pp 为实常数。

(a) 求使 MM 没有逆矩阵的 pp 的精确值。

(4)

已知 MM 有逆矩阵,

(b) 用 pp 表示 M−1M^{-1}。

(5)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

矩阵没有逆矩阵当且仅当行列式为零。沿第一行展开 det⁡M\det M,化成关于 pp 的二次式,再用求根公式得到两个精确值。

答题过程

展开

Expanding the determinant along the first row,

det⁡M= 3∣12p2∣−∣12−12∣ +p∣11−1p∣= 3(2−2p)−4+p(p+1)= p2−5p+2.\begin{align*} \det M =&\,3 \begin{vmatrix}1&2\\p&2\end{vmatrix} -\begin{vmatrix}1&2\\-1&2\end{vmatrix} \\ &\,+p \begin{vmatrix}1&1\\-1&p\end{vmatrix} \\ =&\,3(2-2p)-4+p(p+1) \\ =&\,p^2-5p+2. \end{align*}

For MM to have no inverse, det⁡M=0\det M=0. Thus

p2−5p+2= 0,p= 5±25−82.\begin{align*} p^2-5p+2=&\,0, \\ p=&\,\frac{5\pm\sqrt{25-8}}{2}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

p=5+172orp=5−172.\boxed{p=\frac{5+\sqrt{17}}{2} \quad\text{or}\quad p=\frac{5-\sqrt{17}}{2}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

先求全部余子式,再按棋盘符号得到代数余子式矩阵;将其转置得到伴随矩阵,最后除以 (a) 的行列式。题设已说明 MM 可逆,所以分母不为零。

答题过程

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Let mijm_{ij} be the minor obtained by deleting row ii and column jj. The nine minors are

m11= 1(2)−2p=2−2p,m12= 1(2)−2(−1)=4,m13= 1(p)−1(−1)=p+1,m21= 1(2)−p(p)=2−p2,m22= 3(2)−p(−1)=6+p,m23= 3p−1(−1)=3p+1,m31= 1(2)−p(1)=2−p,m32= 3(2)−p(1)=6−p,m33= 3(1)−1(1)=2.\begin{align*} m_{11}=&\,1(2)-2p=2-2p,\\ m_{12}=&\,1(2)-2(-1)=4,\\ m_{13}=&\,1(p)-1(-1)=p+1,\\ m_{21}=&\,1(2)-p(p)=2-p^2,\\ m_{22}=&\,3(2)-p(-1)=6+p,\\ m_{23}=&\,3p-1(-1)=3p+1,\\ m_{31}=&\,1(2)-p(1)=2-p,\\ m_{32}=&\,3(2)-p(1)=6-p,\\ m_{33}=&\,3(1)-1(1)=2. \end{align*}

The matrix of minors is

(2−2p4p+12−p26+p3p+12−p6−p2).\begin{pmatrix} 2-2p&4&p+1\\ 2-p^2&6+p&3p+1\\ 2-p&6-p&2 \end{pmatrix}.

Therefore, the matrix of cofactors is

(2−2p−4p+1p2−26+p−3p−12−pp−62).\begin{pmatrix} 2-2p&-4&p+1\\ p^2-2&6+p&-3p-1\\ 2-p&p-6&2 \end{pmatrix}.

Hence

adj⁡M=(2−2pp2−22−p−46+pp−6p+1−3p−12).\operatorname{adj}M= \begin{pmatrix} 2-2p&p^2-2&2-p\\ -4&6+p&p-6\\ p+1&-3p-1&2 \end{pmatrix}.

Since MM is invertible, p2−5p+2≠0p^2-5p+2\ne0. Therefore,

M−1=1p2−5p+2(2−2pp2−22−p−46+pp−6p+1−3p−12).\boxed{ M^{-1}=\frac1{p^2-5p+2} \begin{pmatrix} 2-2p&p^2-2&2-p\\ -4&6+p&p-6\\ p+1&-3p-1&2 \end{pmatrix} }.