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FP3 2021 June Q6

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2021 June Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

6.

The lines l1l_1 and l2l_2 have equations

l1:r=i+j+k+λ(i+3k)l_1 : \mathbf{r} = \mathbf{i} + \mathbf{j} + \mathbf{k} + \lambda(\mathbf{i} + 3\mathbf{k})

and

l2:r=2i+sj+μ(i−2j+k)l_2 : \mathbf{r} = 2\mathbf{i} + s\mathbf{j} + \mu(\mathbf{i} - 2\mathbf{j} + \mathbf{k})

where ss is a constant and λ\lambda and μ\mu are scalar parameters.

Given that l1l_1 and l2l_2 both lie in a common plane Π1\Pi_1,

(a) show that an equation for Π1\Pi_1 is 3x+y−z=33x + y - z = 3.

(4)

(b) find the value of ss.

(1)

The plane Π2\Pi_2 has equation

r⋅(i+j−2k)=3.\mathbf{r}\cdot(\mathbf{i} + \mathbf{j} - 2\mathbf{k}) = 3.

(c) Find an equation for the line of intersection of Π1\Pi_1 and Π2\Pi_2.

(4)

(d) Find the acute angle between Π1\Pi_1 and Π2\Pi_2, giving your answer in degrees to 3 significant figures.

(4)
题目中文翻译

直线 l1l_1 和 l2l_2 的方程为

l1:r=i+j+k+λ(i+3k)l_1 : \mathbf{r} = \mathbf{i} + \mathbf{j} + \mathbf{k} + \lambda(\mathbf{i} + 3\mathbf{k})

以及

l2:r=2i+sj+μ(i−2j+k)l_2 : \mathbf{r} = 2\mathbf{i} + s\mathbf{j} + \mu(\mathbf{i} - 2\mathbf{j} + \mathbf{k})

其中 ss 为常数,λ\lambda 和 μ\mu 为标量参数。

已知 l1l_1 和 l2l_2 都位于同一平面 Π1\Pi_1 中,

(a) 证明 Π1\Pi_1 的方程为 3x+y−z=33x + y - z = 3。

(4)

(b) 求 ss 的值。

(1)

平面 Π2\Pi_2 的方程为

r⋅(i+j−2k)=3\mathbf{r}\cdot(\mathbf{i} + \mathbf{j} - 2\mathbf{k}) = 3

(c) 求 Π1\Pi_1 和 Π2\Pi_2 的交线方程。

(4)

(d) 求 Π1\Pi_1 和 Π2\Pi_2 的锐角,并将答案以度为单位写到 3 位有效数字。

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

平面同时包含两条直线,因此两条直线的方向向量都平行于平面。用这两个方向向量作叉积即可得到平面的法向量,再代入 l1l_1 上一点确定常数项。

答题过程

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The direction vectors of l1l_1 and l2l_2 are

d1=(103),d2=(1−21).\mathbf{d}_1=\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\3\end{pmatrix}, \qquad \mathbf{d}_2=\begin{pmatrix}1\\-2\\1\end{pmatrix}.

Hence a normal vector to Π1\Pi_1 is

d1×d2= ∣ijk1031−21∣= (0(1)−3(−2))i −(1(1)−3(1))j +(1(−2)−0(1))k= 6i+2j−2k= 2(3i+j−k).\begin{align*} \mathbf{d}_1\times\mathbf{d}_2 =&\, \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf{i}&\mathbf{j}&\mathbf{k}\\ 1&0&3\\ 1&-2&1 \end{vmatrix}\\[4mm] =&\,\big(0(1)-3(-2)\big)\mathbf{i}\\ &\,-\big(1(1)-3(1)\big)\mathbf{j}\\ &\,+\big(1(-2)-0(1)\big)\mathbf{k}\\ =&\,6\mathbf{i}+2\mathbf{j}-2\mathbf{k}\\[4mm] =&\,2(3\mathbf{i}+\mathbf{j}-\mathbf{k}). \end{align*}

Therefore an equation of Π1\Pi_1 has the form

3x+y−z=d.3x+y-z=d.

The point (1,1,1)(1,1,1) lies on l1l_1, so it also lies on Π1\Pi_1. Thus

d=3(1)+1−1=3.d=3(1)+1-1=3.

Therefore

3x+y−z=3.\boxed{3x+y-z=3}.

解法二

思路

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也可以直接写出平面的参数式。平面经过 l1l_1 上的点 (1,1,1)(1,1,1),并平行于两条直线的方向向量;由此写出 x,y,zx,y,z 后消去两个参数。

答题过程

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A vector equation of Π1\Pi_1 is

r=i+j+k+λ(i+3k)+μ(i−2j+k).\mathbf{r} =\mathbf{i}+\mathbf{j}+\mathbf{k} +\lambda(\mathbf{i}+3\mathbf{k}) +\mu(\mathbf{i}-2\mathbf{j}+\mathbf{k}).

Therefore

x=1+λ+μ,y=1−2μ,z=1+3λ+μ.x=1+\lambda+\mu, \qquad y=1-2\mu, \qquad z=1+3\lambda+\mu.

These equations give

3x+y−z= 3(1+λ+μ)+(1−2μ) −(1+3λ+μ)= 3.\begin{align*} 3x+y-z =&\,3(1+\lambda+\mu)+(1-2\mu)\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}-(1+3\lambda+\mu)\\[4mm] =&\,3. \end{align*}

Hence

3x+y−z=3.\boxed{3x+y-z=3}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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取 l2l_2 上参数 μ=0\mu=0 对应的点 (2,s,0)(2,s,0)。由于整条直线位于 Π1\Pi_1 内,这一点必须满足 (a) 中的平面方程。

答题过程

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When μ=0\mu=0, the point (2,s,0)(2,s,0) lies on l2l_2 and hence on Π1\Pi_1.

Substituting this point into 3x+y−z=33x+y-z=3 gives

3(2)+s−0=3.3(2)+s-0=3.

Therefore

s=−3.\boxed{s=-3}.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

两平面的交线同时垂直于两个法向量,所以交线方向向量可由两个法向量的叉积求得。再联立平面方程找交线上的一点。

答题过程

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The normal vectors of Π1\Pi_1 and Π2\Pi_2 are

n1=(31−1),n2=(11−2).\mathbf{n}_1=\begin{pmatrix}3\\1\\-1\end{pmatrix}, \qquad \mathbf{n}_2=\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\-2\end{pmatrix}.

A direction vector of their line of intersection is

n2×n1= ∣ijk11−231−1∣= (1(−1)−(−2)(1))i −(1(−1)−(−2)(3))j +(1(1)−1(3))k= i−5j−2k.\begin{align*} \mathbf{n}_2\times\mathbf{n}_1 =&\, \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf{i}&\mathbf{j}&\mathbf{k}\\ 1&1&-2\\ 3&1&-1 \end{vmatrix}\\[4mm] =&\,\big(1(-1)-(-2)(1)\big)\mathbf{i}\\ &\,-\big(1(-1)-(-2)(3)\big)\mathbf{j}\\ &\,+\big(1(1)-1(3)\big)\mathbf{k}\\ =&\,\mathbf{i}-5\mathbf{j}-2\mathbf{k}. \end{align*}

Set x=0x=0. The two plane equations become

y−z=3,y−2z=3.y-z=3, \qquad y-2z=3.

Subtracting gives z=0z=0, and hence y=3y=3. Thus (0,3,0)(0,3,0) is on the line.

Therefore an equation of the line of intersection is

r=3j+t(i−5j−2k),t∈R.\boxed{\mathbf{r}=3\mathbf{j} +t(\mathbf{i}-5\mathbf{j}-2\mathbf{k})}, \qquad t\in\mathbb{R}.

解法二

思路

展开

也可以直接联立两个平面的 Cartesian 方程,先消去一个变量,再令余下一个变量为参数。

答题过程

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The two plane equations are

3x+y−z=3,x+y−2z=3.3x+y-z=3, \qquad x+y-2z=3.

Subtracting the second equation from the first gives

2x+z=0,2x+z=0,

so z=−2xz=-2x. Substitution into x+y−2z=3x+y-2z=3 gives

x+y+4x=3,x+y+4x=3,

and hence y=3−5xy=3-5x.

Letting x=tx=t,

(x,y,z)=(t,3−5t,−2t).(x,y,z)=(t,3-5t,-2t).

Therefore

r=3j+t(i−5j−2k),t∈R.\boxed{\mathbf{r}=3\mathbf{j} +t(\mathbf{i}-5\mathbf{j}-2\mathbf{k})}, \qquad t\in\mathbb{R}.

解法三

思路

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沿用 (a) 的平面参数式,代入第二个平面的方程,求出两个参数的关系。交线上只剩一个自由参数,再整理成向量直线方程。

答题过程

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From part (a), points on Π1\Pi_1 have coordinates

x=1+λ+μ,y=1−2μ,z=1+3λ+μ.x=1+\lambda+\mu,\qquad y=1-2\mu,\qquad z=1+3\lambda+\mu.

For a point also to lie on Π2\Pi_2, it must satisfy x+y−2z=3x+y-2z=3. Thus

 (1+λ+μ)+(1−2μ) −2(1+3λ+μ)=3, −5λ−3μ=3,μ= −5λ−33.\begin{align*} &\,(1+\lambda+\mu)+(1-2\mu)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-2(1+3\lambda+\mu)=3,\\ &\,-5\lambda-3\mu=3,\\ \mu=&\,\frac{-5\lambda-3}{3}. \end{align*}

Substituting into the coordinates,

x= 1+λ+−5λ−33=−2λ3,y= 1−2(−5λ−33)=3+10λ3,z= 1+3λ+−5λ−33=4λ3.\begin{align*} x=&\,1+\lambda+\frac{-5\lambda-3}{3} =-\frac{2\lambda}{3},\\ y=&\,1-2\bigg(\frac{-5\lambda-3}{3}\bigg) =3+\frac{10\lambda}{3},\\ z=&\,1+3\lambda+\frac{-5\lambda-3}{3} =\frac{4\lambda}{3}. \end{align*}

Let t=−2λ/3t=-2\lambda/3. Then (x,y,z)=(t,3−5t,−2t)(x,y,z)=(t,3-5t,-2t), so the line is

r=3j+t(i−5j−2k),t∈R.\boxed{\mathbf{r}=3\mathbf{j}+t(\mathbf{i}-5\mathbf{j}-2\mathbf{k})}, \qquad t\in\mathbb{R}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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两平面的锐夹角等于两个法向量的锐夹角。使用点积公式求其余弦,并取锐角。

答题过程

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Let θ\theta be the acute angle between the planes. Then

cos⁡θ= ∣n1⋅n2∣∣n1∣∣n2∣= ∣3(1)+1(1)+(−1)(−2)∣32+12+(−1)212+12+(−2)2= 666.\begin{align*} \cos\theta =&\,\frac{|\mathbf{n}_1\cdot\mathbf{n}_2|} {|\mathbf{n}_1||\mathbf{n}_2|}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{|3(1)+1(1)+(-1)(-2)|} {\sqrt{3^2+1^2+(-1)^2}\sqrt{1^2+1^2+(-2)^2}}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{6}{\sqrt{66}}. \end{align*}

Therefore

θ=cos⁡−1 ⁣(666)=42.4∘(3 s.f.).\theta=\cos^{-1}\!\big(\frac{6}{\sqrt{66}}\big) =42.4^\circ \quad \text{(3 s.f.)}.

Hence the acute angle is

42.4∘.\boxed{42.4^\circ}.

解法二

思路

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使用叉积求夹角的正弦。因为题目明确要求锐角,所以由正弦反求时选择锐角值。

答题过程

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From part (c),

∣n1×n2∣=∣i−5j−2k∣=30.|\mathbf{n}_1\times\mathbf{n}_2| =|\mathbf{i}-5\mathbf{j}-2\mathbf{k}| =\sqrt{30}.

Hence

sin⁡θ= ∣n1×n2∣∣n1∣∣n2∣= 30116= 5511.\begin{align*} \sin\theta =&\,\frac{|\mathbf{n}_1\times\mathbf{n}_2|} {|\mathbf{n}_1||\mathbf{n}_2|}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{\sqrt{30}}{\sqrt{11}\sqrt6}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{\sqrt{55}}{11}. \end{align*}

Since θ\theta is acute,

θ=sin⁡−1 ⁣(5511)=42.4∘(3 s.f.).\theta=\sin^{-1}\!\big(\frac{\sqrt{55}}{11}\big) =\boxed{42.4^\circ} \quad \text{(3 s.f.)}.